Bias 1 Errors 1 Markov processes 1 Maximum likelihood estimation 1 Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) Maximum-likelihood estimation 1 Mean absolute error 1 Mean absolute error (MAE) 1 Mean square error 1 Monte Carlo methods 1 Parameter estimation 1 Rasch rating scale model 1 Rasch rating scale model (RRSM) 1 Rating scale 1 Root mean square error 1 Root mean square error (RMSE) 1 Root mean square errors 1 Sampling 1 Scale-model 1