Swift, simple, effective justice? : examining the use and impact of penalty notices for disorder
This thesis examines the use and impact of penalty notices for disorder (PNDs). Introduced under the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001, these police-issued fines (of £60 or £90) have become part of the mainstay of the criminal justice system. Over 1.25 million PNDs have been issued, yet despite t...
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University of Sheffield
2014
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| Online Access: | http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595284 |