| Summary: | 博士 === 國立中央大學 === 網路學習科技研究所 === 104 === Research suggests that making annotations is an indispensable behavior that offer many benefits. Due to such benefits, annotations have been applied to support different learning systems. However, such studies largely focused on learning outcomes but rarely considered other factors affect learners within authentic learning environments, such as learners’ prior knowledge, learners’ learning scenarios. More specifically, there are few studies to examine how prior knowledge affects students to make and view annotations. In addition, the in-class scenario has been widely investigated in previous studies, but the effects of after-class scenario were rarely examined. It is, therefore, essential to understand how prior knowledge influences learners to make and to view annotations in and after class. To address these issues, the purposes of this study are to (a) develop an Annotatable Multimedia E-reader (AME) which provided individual/sharing annotation environments to help students learn English in-class and after-class and (b) conduct two empirical studies to examine how prior knowledge influenced fifth-grade students’ reactions to the use of the AME within individual/sharing annotation environments. That is to say, the research presented in this doctoral thesis not only examines the influences of prior knowledge on students’ making and viewing annotations but also further provides annotation tools to support learners to learn in- and after-class scenarios, such as Text Annotations (TA), Voice Annotations (VA), Text-To-Speech (TTS), Teacher’s Lecture (TVA).
The findings from Study One indicated that prior knowledge significantly affected learners’ learning achievement and learning behavior within the individual annotation environment. Regarding the learning achievement, the results demonstrated that the Low Prior knowledge (LPK) students obtained higher gain scores than High Prior knowledge (HPK) students. Regarding the learning behavior, the results demonstrated that the students’ prior knowledge significantly affected their learning behavior after the class. In addition to the influences of prior knowledge, the relationship among learning achievement, learning behavior, and learning perception also revealed some findings. Regarding the relationships between learning achievement and learning behavior, the results demonstrated that the students who tended to use more annotations after-class could have relatively higher post-test scores. Regarding the relationships between learning perception and learning behavior, the results demonstrated that the HPK students who had high levels of Usefulness would use more TVA in-class; the HPK students who have high levels of intention would use fewer OVA after-class; the LPK students who have more intention to use the AME could use more TTS after-class. Regarding the relationships between learning perception and learning behavior, the results demonstrated that the LPK students who perceived a higher level of Usefulness have higher gain scores.
The findings from Study Two indicated that prior knowledge significantly affected learners’ learning behavior within the sharing annotation environment. Regarding the learning behavior, the results demonstrated that the HPK students preferred to use more TA in-class, VA after-class, and OVA after-class than the LPK students. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the HPK students preferred to view more other HPK students’ annotations than the LPK students. Regarding the relationship between learning achievement and learning behavior, the results demonstrated that the students who tended to use more annotations in-class could have relatively higher post-test scores. Moreover, the results demonstrated that viewing more HPK students’ annotations could have higher post-test scores. Regarding the relationships between learning perception and learning behavior, the results demonstrated that the HPK students who would use more TVA in- and after- class had a high level of perceptions for the Easy to Use and Usefulness. In addition, the HPK students who had a high level of intention would use more TVA in-class.
By doing so, this thesis will make contributions to the learning field in a number of ways. Firstly, this will provide a deeper understanding of the learners’ reactions to the use of the AME from the perspectives of prior knowledge, regarding learning achievement, learning behavior and learning perception. Secondly, this will take into account different learning scenarios, which can undertake the first contribution in the area of prior knowledge. In other words, this will provide a deeper understanding of the learners’ reactions to the use of the AME within individual/sharing annotation environments not only in-class but also give an understanding of after-class.
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