Thioridazine: A Non-Antibiotic Drug Highly Effective, in Combination with First Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs, against Any Form of Antibiotic Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Due to Its Multi-Mechanisms of Action

This review presents the evidence that supports the use of thioridazine (TZ) for the therapy of a pulmonary tuberculosis infection regardless of its antibiotic resistance status. The evidence consists of in vitro and ex vivo assays that demonstrate the activity of TZ against all encountered Mycobact...

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Main Authors: Leonard Amaral, Miguel Viveiros
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2017-01-01
Series:Antibiotics
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/6/1/3
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spelling doaj-ff900409264b44a7bd207644f96612092020-11-24T22:13:40ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822017-01-0161310.3390/antibiotics6010003antibiotics6010003Thioridazine: A Non-Antibiotic Drug Highly Effective, in Combination with First Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs, against Any Form of Antibiotic Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Due to Its Multi-Mechanisms of ActionLeonard Amaral0Miguel Viveiros1Insititute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon 1349-008, PortugalUnidade de Microbiologia Médica, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon 1349-008, PortugalThis review presents the evidence that supports the use of thioridazine (TZ) for the therapy of a pulmonary tuberculosis infection regardless of its antibiotic resistance status. The evidence consists of in vitro and ex vivo assays that demonstrate the activity of TZ against all encountered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) regardless of its antibiotic resistance phenotype, as well as in vivo as a therapy for mice infected with multi-drug resistant strains of Mtb, or for human subjects infected with extensively drug resistant (XDR) Mtb. The mechanisms of action by which TZ brings about successful therapeutic outcomes are presented in detail.http://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/6/1/3antibiotic resistant pulmonary tuberculosisthioridazinein vitro activityex vivo activityin vivo activity (murine model and human trails)the non-killing macrophageenhancement of intracellular killing of Mtb by thioridazinemechanism of actions of thioridazine
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Leonard Amaral
Miguel Viveiros
spellingShingle Leonard Amaral
Miguel Viveiros
Thioridazine: A Non-Antibiotic Drug Highly Effective, in Combination with First Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs, against Any Form of Antibiotic Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Due to Its Multi-Mechanisms of Action
Antibiotics
antibiotic resistant pulmonary tuberculosis
thioridazine
in vitro activity
ex vivo activity
in vivo activity (murine model and human trails)
the non-killing macrophage
enhancement of intracellular killing of Mtb by thioridazine
mechanism of actions of thioridazine
author_facet Leonard Amaral
Miguel Viveiros
author_sort Leonard Amaral
title Thioridazine: A Non-Antibiotic Drug Highly Effective, in Combination with First Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs, against Any Form of Antibiotic Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Due to Its Multi-Mechanisms of Action
title_short Thioridazine: A Non-Antibiotic Drug Highly Effective, in Combination with First Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs, against Any Form of Antibiotic Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Due to Its Multi-Mechanisms of Action
title_full Thioridazine: A Non-Antibiotic Drug Highly Effective, in Combination with First Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs, against Any Form of Antibiotic Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Due to Its Multi-Mechanisms of Action
title_fullStr Thioridazine: A Non-Antibiotic Drug Highly Effective, in Combination with First Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs, against Any Form of Antibiotic Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Due to Its Multi-Mechanisms of Action
title_full_unstemmed Thioridazine: A Non-Antibiotic Drug Highly Effective, in Combination with First Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs, against Any Form of Antibiotic Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Due to Its Multi-Mechanisms of Action
title_sort thioridazine: a non-antibiotic drug highly effective, in combination with first line anti-tuberculosis drugs, against any form of antibiotic resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis due to its multi-mechanisms of action
publisher MDPI AG
series Antibiotics
issn 2079-6382
publishDate 2017-01-01
description This review presents the evidence that supports the use of thioridazine (TZ) for the therapy of a pulmonary tuberculosis infection regardless of its antibiotic resistance status. The evidence consists of in vitro and ex vivo assays that demonstrate the activity of TZ against all encountered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) regardless of its antibiotic resistance phenotype, as well as in vivo as a therapy for mice infected with multi-drug resistant strains of Mtb, or for human subjects infected with extensively drug resistant (XDR) Mtb. The mechanisms of action by which TZ brings about successful therapeutic outcomes are presented in detail.
topic antibiotic resistant pulmonary tuberculosis
thioridazine
in vitro activity
ex vivo activity
in vivo activity (murine model and human trails)
the non-killing macrophage
enhancement of intracellular killing of Mtb by thioridazine
mechanism of actions of thioridazine
url http://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/6/1/3
work_keys_str_mv AT leonardamaral thioridazineanonantibioticdrughighlyeffectiveincombinationwithfirstlineantituberculosisdrugsagainstanyformofantibioticresistanceofmycobacteriumtuberculosisduetoitsmultimechanismsofaction
AT miguelviveiros thioridazineanonantibioticdrughighlyeffectiveincombinationwithfirstlineantituberculosisdrugsagainstanyformofantibioticresistanceofmycobacteriumtuberculosisduetoitsmultimechanismsofaction
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