Current Understanding of the Progression and Management of Thyroid Associated Orbitopathy: A Systematic Review
Abstract Thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) is a common diagnosis encountered by ophthalmologists and oculoplastic surgeons. TAO has a varying clinical presentation that can include upper eyelid retraction, restrictive strabismus, proptosis, exposure keratopathy, and optic neuropathy. In this revi...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Adis, Springer Healthcare
2019-12-01
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| Series: | Ophthalmology and Therapy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-019-00226-9 |
| Summary: | Abstract Thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) is a common diagnosis encountered by ophthalmologists and oculoplastic surgeons. TAO has a varying clinical presentation that can include upper eyelid retraction, restrictive strabismus, proptosis, exposure keratopathy, and optic neuropathy. In this review, we discuss the most recent literature on and the current understanding of the pathophysiology of TAO. We also review available and potential future treatment options for the management of TAO. |
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| ISSN: | 2193-8245 2193-6528 |