Midnight variations of spreading of ionospheric sporadic E-layers before earthquakes

<p>In the present study, ionospheric phenomena caused by earthquakes of magnitudes M >4.0 were investigated. Night-time observations of the spreading of sporadic E-layers (Es-spread) performed every 15 min by the Dushanbe and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (middle Asia) vertical s...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Dieter H.H. Hoffmann, Claudia-Veronika Meister, Victor A. Liperovsky, Alexandra S. Silina, Elena V. Liperovskaya, Pier Francesco Biagi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) 2012-04-01
Series:Annals of Geophysics
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/view/5267