Predation on multiple trophic levels shapes the evolution of pathogen virulence.

The pathogen virulence is traditionally thought to co-evolve as a result of reciprocal selection with its host organism. In natural communities, pathogens and hosts are typically embedded within a web of interactions with other species, which could affect indirectly the pathogen virulence and host i...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Ville-Petri Friman, Carita Lindstedt, Teppo Hiltunen, Jouni Laakso, Johanna Mappes
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2009-08-01
Series:PLoS ONE
Online Access:http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2726984?pdf=render