The Diversity of Encephalitogenic CD4+ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models
Autoreactive CD4+ T cells, which target antigens in central nervous system (CNS) myelin, are widely believed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) in concert with other immune effectors. This theory is supported by data from animal model experiments, genome-wide asso...
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doaj-69cae79afed54736b4718006f95697112020-11-25T02:12:26ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832019-01-018112010.3390/jcm8010120jcm8010120The Diversity of Encephalitogenic CD4+ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal ModelsBenjamin M. Segal0Holtom-Garrett Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAAutoreactive CD4+ T cells, which target antigens in central nervous system (CNS) myelin, are widely believed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) in concert with other immune effectors. This theory is supported by data from animal model experiments, genome-wide association studies, and immune profiles of individuals with MS. Furthermore, disease modifying agents that target lymphocytes significantly reduce the rate of MS clinical exacerbations. However, the properties of myelin-reactive CD4+ T cells that are critical for their pathogenic activities are not understood completely. This article reviews the literature on encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells, with an emphasis on T-helper (Th) lineage and cytokine production. An increased understanding of the spectrum of encephalitogenic T cells and how they differ from protective subsets is necessary for the development of the next generation of more effective and safer immunomodulatory therapies customized for individuals with MS and related disorders.http://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/8/1/120Multiple Sclerosisexperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitisT-helper cellscytokines |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Benjamin M. Segal |
spellingShingle |
Benjamin M. Segal The Diversity of Encephalitogenic CD4+ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models Journal of Clinical Medicine Multiple Sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis T-helper cells cytokines |
author_facet |
Benjamin M. Segal |
author_sort |
Benjamin M. Segal |
title |
The Diversity of Encephalitogenic CD4+ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models |
title_short |
The Diversity of Encephalitogenic CD4+ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models |
title_full |
The Diversity of Encephalitogenic CD4+ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models |
title_fullStr |
The Diversity of Encephalitogenic CD4+ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Diversity of Encephalitogenic CD4+ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models |
title_sort |
diversity of encephalitogenic cd4+ t cells in multiple sclerosis and its animal models |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Journal of Clinical Medicine |
issn |
2077-0383 |
publishDate |
2019-01-01 |
description |
Autoreactive CD4+ T cells, which target antigens in central nervous system (CNS) myelin, are widely believed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) in concert with other immune effectors. This theory is supported by data from animal model experiments, genome-wide association studies, and immune profiles of individuals with MS. Furthermore, disease modifying agents that target lymphocytes significantly reduce the rate of MS clinical exacerbations. However, the properties of myelin-reactive CD4+ T cells that are critical for their pathogenic activities are not understood completely. This article reviews the literature on encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells, with an emphasis on T-helper (Th) lineage and cytokine production. An increased understanding of the spectrum of encephalitogenic T cells and how they differ from protective subsets is necessary for the development of the next generation of more effective and safer immunomodulatory therapies customized for individuals with MS and related disorders. |
topic |
Multiple Sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis T-helper cells cytokines |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/8/1/120 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT benjaminmsegal thediversityofencephalitogeniccd4tcellsinmultiplesclerosisanditsanimalmodels AT benjaminmsegal diversityofencephalitogeniccd4tcellsinmultiplesclerosisanditsanimalmodels |
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