| Summary: | From the 1880s, geometrical drawing and freehand drawing constituted in France the two main components of the teaching of the drawing promoted by the French republican reformers for primary and secondary schools. Using mathematical instruments as ruler, compass, set square, etc., geometrical drawing initiated to the drawing of architecture, construction, machines, etc., and was consequently only teached in primary schools and in the modern sections of secondary schools. Teachers quarelled over its teaching in secondary schools. Mathematics teachers saw in geometrical drawing an auxiliary of their discipline, while specialists in technical drawing promoted a technological orientation. The reforms led at the beginning of the 20th century solved this opposition by incorporating geometrical drawing in the teaching of mathematics and by marginalizing its technical aspects, left for primary education.
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