Behavioral changes and nutritional consequences to elk (Cervus canadensis) avoiding perceived risk from human hunters
Abstract The life‐and‐death stakes of predator–prey encounters justify the high price of many anti‐predator behaviors. In adopting these behaviors, prey incur substantial non‐consumptive costs that can have population‐level consequences. Because prey knowledge of risk is imperfect, individuals may e...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Wiley
2019-09-01
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| Series: | Ecosphere |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2864 |