Effects of the Chiral Fungicides Metalaxyl and Metalaxyl-M on the Earthworm Eisenia fetida as Determined by 1H-NMR-Based Untargeted Metabolomics

Although metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M are widely used fungicides, very little is known about their subacute and enantiospecific effects on the earthworm metabolome. In this study, Eisenia fetida were exposed to metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M at three concentrations (0.5, 5 and 50 mg/kg) f...

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Main Authors:	Renke Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhou
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2019-04-01
Series:	Molecules
Subjects:	metabolomics metalaxyl earthworm enantiospecific effects
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/7/1293

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spelling	doaj-3bd8c883dd9c4daa875d8f3856d2a7c42020-11-25T01:56:09ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492019-04-01247129310.3390/molecules24071293molecules24071293Effects of the Chiral Fungicides Metalaxyl and Metalaxyl-M on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> as Determined by <sup>1</sup>H-NMR-Based Untargeted MetabolomicsRenke Zhang0Zhiqiang Zhou1Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaAlthough metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M are widely used fungicides, very little is known about their subacute and enantiospecific effects on the earthworm metabolome. In this study, <i>Eisenia fetida</i> were exposed to metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M at three concentrations (0.5, 5 and 50 mg/kg) for seven days. <sup>1</sup>H nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR)-based untargeted metabolomics showed that metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M exposure disturbed earthworms’ metabolism at all three concentrations. Endogenous metabolites, such as succinate, arginine, aspartate, urea, asparagine, alanine, trimethylamine, taurine, cysteine, serine, threonine, histidine, lysine, glucose, choline, carnitine, citric acid, alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, fumaric acid and so on, were significantly changed. These results indicate that metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M produce different, enantiospecific disturbances in the earthworm metabolism, particularly in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and urea cycles. The application of untargeted metabolomics thus provides more information for evaluating the toxic risks of metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/7/1293metabolomicsmetalaxylearthwormenantiospecific effects
collection	DOAJ
language	English
format	Article
sources	DOAJ
author	Renke Zhang Zhiqiang Zhou
spellingShingle	Renke Zhang Zhiqiang Zhou Effects of the Chiral Fungicides Metalaxyl and Metalaxyl-M on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> as Determined by <sup>1</sup>H-NMR-Based Untargeted Metabolomics Molecules metabolomics metalaxyl earthworm enantiospecific effects
author_facet	Renke Zhang Zhiqiang Zhou
author_sort	Renke Zhang
title	Effects of the Chiral Fungicides Metalaxyl and Metalaxyl-M on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> as Determined by <sup>1</sup>H-NMR-Based Untargeted Metabolomics
title_short	Effects of the Chiral Fungicides Metalaxyl and Metalaxyl-M on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> as Determined by <sup>1</sup>H-NMR-Based Untargeted Metabolomics
title_full	Effects of the Chiral Fungicides Metalaxyl and Metalaxyl-M on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> as Determined by <sup>1</sup>H-NMR-Based Untargeted Metabolomics
title_fullStr	Effects of the Chiral Fungicides Metalaxyl and Metalaxyl-M on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> as Determined by <sup>1</sup>H-NMR-Based Untargeted Metabolomics
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of the Chiral Fungicides Metalaxyl and Metalaxyl-M on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> as Determined by <sup>1</sup>H-NMR-Based Untargeted Metabolomics
title_sort	effects of the chiral fungicides metalaxyl and metalaxyl-m on the earthworm <i>eisenia fetida</i> as determined by <sup>1</sup>h-nmr-based untargeted metabolomics
publisher	MDPI AG
series	Molecules
issn	1420-3049
publishDate	2019-04-01
description	Although metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M are widely used fungicides, very little is known about their subacute and enantiospecific effects on the earthworm metabolome. In this study, <i>Eisenia fetida</i> were exposed to metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M at three concentrations (0.5, 5 and 50 mg/kg) for seven days. <sup>1</sup>H nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR)-based untargeted metabolomics showed that metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M exposure disturbed earthworms’ metabolism at all three concentrations. Endogenous metabolites, such as succinate, arginine, aspartate, urea, asparagine, alanine, trimethylamine, taurine, cysteine, serine, threonine, histidine, lysine, glucose, choline, carnitine, citric acid, alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, fumaric acid and so on, were significantly changed. These results indicate that metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M produce different, enantiospecific disturbances in the earthworm metabolism, particularly in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and urea cycles. The application of untargeted metabolomics thus provides more information for evaluating the toxic risks of metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M.
topic	metabolomics metalaxyl earthworm enantiospecific effects
url	https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/7/1293
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Effects of the Chiral Fungicides Metalaxyl and Metalaxyl-M on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> as Determined by <sup>1</sup>H-NMR-Based Untargeted Metabolomics

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