Numerical models Bubble diameter Bubble dynamics Budget control Diffusion Direct numerical simulation Direct-numerical-simulation Electrodes Finite size effect Finite-size effects Flow velocity Gas liquid flows Heat and mass transfer Heat transfer Lattice Boltzmann method Length scale Lithium-ion batteries Lithium-ion battery Mass transfer Molecular diffusivity Numerical approaches Numerical methods Particle size analysis Pore scale Porosity Porous electrodes Porous structures Scalar gradients Scalar spectrum Scalings