reaching adult 2 article 2 clinical article 2 controlled study 2 female 2 human 2 human experiment 2 EMG 1 action 1 arm muscle 1 decision making 1 decision making task 1 dissociation 1 energy cost 1 energy expenditure 1 express arm response 1 goal directed behavior 1 male 1 movement time 1 pectoralis major muscle 1 postural control 1 reaction time 1 reticulo-spinal tract 1 reticulospinal tract 1 reward 1 reward rate 1 standing 1 time cost 1 upper extremities 1