Adult 1 Female 1 Gingival Hemorrhage 1 Haptoglobins 1 Humans 1 Malaysia 1 Male 1 Middle Aged 1 Smoking 1 adult 1 alpha 1 antitrypsin 1 alpha 1-Antitrypsin 1 article 1 blood 1 blood level 1 clinical evaluation 1 clinical trial 1 comparative study 1 cotinine 1 disease marker 1 female 1 gingiva bleeding 1 gingival bleeding upon probing haptoglobin 1 human 1 major clinical study 1 male 1 metabolism 1 middle aged 1 mouth hygiene 1