Boundary layer 1 Data assimilation 1 Hydrometeorology 1 Land surface 1 Land surface model 1 Snow cover 1 Soil moisture 1 Soil temperature 1 Surface fluxes Surface observations: Numerical weather prediction/forecasting: Operational forecasting: Coupled models 1 boundary layer 1 data assimilation 1 hydrometeorology 1 land surface 1 numerical method 1 prediction 1 snow cover 1 soil moisture 1 soil temperature 1 surface flux 1 weather forecasting 1