Steel scrap 2 Steelmaking process Alloying elements 1 Boundary layers 1 CO 2 emission 1 Carbon 1 Carbon content 1 Chromium 1 Chromium alloys 1 Cr alloys 1 Electric arcs 1 Electric furnaces 1 Energy utilization 1 Heat transfer 1 Heat transfer co-efficients 1 Heat transfer coefficients 1 Interaction coefficient 1 Iron 1 Iron carbon 1 Kinetics 1 Mass transfer 1 Mass-transfer coefficient 1 Melting kinetics 1 Melting rates 1 Metal melting 1 Molten iron 1 Molten steel 1 Moving boundaries 1 Moving boundary layer 1 Niobium 1