Battery Pack 1 Battery management systems 1 Battery pack 1 Battery packs 1 Bounded uncertainty 1 Charging (batteries) 1 Differential equations 1 Equations of state 1 Heterogeneous cell 1 Internal state 1 Interval estimation Interval observers 1 Ions 1 Lithium-ion batteries 1 State estimation 1 State-of-charge estimation 1 Temperature distribution 1 Temperature estimation 1 Thermal 1 Thermal management 1 heterogeneous cells 1 interval observer 1 lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries 1 state estimation 1 thermal management 1