| Summary: | The objective of the study was to estimate environmental impacts of the cities in Greater Kuala Lumpur; Kajang, Sepang, and Putrajaya by using Urban-scale Material Flow Analysis (USMFA). The study assessed prime material flow within three cities in Malaysia; electricity consumption, water usage, food consumption, carbon dioxide emission, wastewater production and solid waste. A functional unit of kg/cap/day was defined for all the material flows. Putrajaya was seen as the highest consumer of water, even with the lowest population. Kajang contributed the most of in terms of environmental impacts, followed by Sepang and Putrajaya. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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