Agency-communion and self-esteem relations are moderated by culture, religiosity, age, and sex: evidence for the "self-centrality breeds self-enhancement" principle

• Main Authors: Gebauer, Jochen E. (Author), Wagner, Jenny (Author), Sedikides, Constantine (Author), Neberich, Wiebke (Author)
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: 2013-06.
• Subjects: Article
• Online Access: Get fulltext

 OBJECTIVE: Who has high self-esteem? Is it ambitious, competitive, outgoing people-agentic personalities? Or is it caring, honest, understanding people-communal personalities? The literature on agency-communion and self-esteem is sparse, indirect, and inconsistent. Based on William James's theorizing, we propose the "self-centrality breeds self-enhancement" principle. Accordingly, agency will be linked to self-esteem, if agency is self-central. Conversely, communion will be linked to self-esteem, if communion is self-central. But what determines the self-centrality of agency and communion? The literature suggests that agency is self-central in agentic cultures, as well as among nonreligious individuals, men, and younger adults. Communion is self-central in communal cultures, as well as among religious individuals, women, and older adults. METHOD: This study examined 187,957 people (47% female; mean age?=?37.49 years, SD?=?12.22) from 11 cultures. The large sample size afforded us the opportunity to test simultaneously the effect of all four moderators in a single two-level model (participants nested in cultures). RESULTS: Results supported the unique moderating effect of culture, religiosity, age, and sex on the relation between agency-communion and self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS: Agentic and communal people can both have high self-esteem, depending on self-centrality of agency and communion.