Seamless 5G Multi-Hop Connectivity Architecture and Trials for Maritime Applications

• Main Authors: Kõrbe Kaare, K. (Author), Kuhi, K. (Author), Lindenbergs, A. (Author), Muehleisen, M. (Author), Nykanen, L. (Author), Payaró, M. (Author), Sadam, A. (Author), Scholliers, J. (Author), Zaglauer, H.W (Author)
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI 2023
• Subjects: 5g; 5G; 5G mobile communication systems; Architecture; Benchmarking; hybrid terrestrial–satellite; Hybrid terrestrial–satellite; Marine applications; maritime connectivity; Maritime connectivity; Maritime environment; multi-hop; Multi-hop connectivities; Multi-hops; Network architecture; Non-terrestrial network; non-terrestrial networks; private networks; Private networks; Queueing networks; Satellites; seamless connectivity; Seamless connectivity; Terrestrial networks
• Online Access: View Fulltext in Publisher; View in Scopus
• ISBN: 14248220 (ISSN)
• DOI: 10.3390/s23094203

This paper provides a study of the different alternatives that are being considered in the 5G-ROUTES project to establish seamless 5G connectivity in a maritime environment both from an architectural point of view and also from the definition of field trials to evaluate the performance and dependability of the proposed solution. As expected, the main challenge in providing 5G connectivity on the sea is to provide coverage over large areas of open water. Thus, as a starting point, this paper presents a measurement campaign that was conducted to assess the current coverage in the Baltic Sea, which concluded that the current terrestrial networks cannot guarantee sufficient coverage. Next, the solution architecture and trials proposed by 5G-ROUTES are described, which are based on the integration of satellite and leading-edge multi-hop connectivity in 5G networks. Utilizing satellite backhaul can potentially overcome the connectivity challenge from the terrestrial domain to the maritime domain, while multi-hop connectivity ensures that coverage is extended among the different ships that are navigating the sea. Furthermore, this paper describes how the project will evaluate, in field trials tailored to this maritime environment, common connectivity key performance indicators (KPIs) such as latency, throughput, availability and reliability. This paper concludes by providing a vision for applying the obtained results and insights to maritime transportation and other remote areas where the deployment of a suitable 5G infrastructure may be challenging or costly. The findings will be used to guide the design of future 5G networks for marine applications and to identify the most effective methods for providing secure and dependable communication in a maritime setting. © 2023 by the authors.