CO2 emissions and causal relationships in the six largest world emitters

• Main Authors: García-Ramos, J.E (Author), Golpe, A.A (Author), Mena-Nieto, A. (Author), Ortega-Ruiz, G. (Author)
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 2022
• Subjects: CO2 emissions; Granger causality; Kaya identity; LDMI; Six largest world emitters
• Online Access: View Fulltext in Publisher

 This paper aims to analyze and compare the driving forces of the carbon dioxide emissions of the six highest emitters of the world, namely, China, the United States of America, the European Union, India, Russia, and Japan, which are responsible for more than the 67% of the emissions, during the period 1990–2018. The analysis is based on an enlarged Kaya-LMDI decomposition, considering five driving forces and a Granger causality study. Both techniques allow us to disentangle the relationship among the different driving forces and how they change from country to country. The main conclusion from the Kaya-LMDI analysis is that economic growth has been the main driving force that increases CO2 emissions, and to a much lesser extent, the increase in population in most of the six analyzed economies. On the other hand, energy intensity is the main factor for reducing CO2 emissions. Surprisingly enough, the end-use fuel-mix term seldom contributes to the decrease of the emissions, which proves that the use of renewable energy should still be actively promoted. It is worth highlighting the different behavior observed between the four developed countries and the two most populous developing ones, China and India. The Granger-causality analysis suggests that energy intensity Granger causes GDP in the developed countries, energy intensity also Granger causes CO2 emissions in half of the countries and, GDP Granger causes CO2 emissions only in one case, Japan. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd