Electrochemical Control for Nanoelectromechanical Device Production

• Main Author: Moghimian, Nima
• Other Authors: Bhiladvala, Rustom
• Language: en
• Published: 2015
• Subjects: Electrodeposition; Nanowire; Nanoresonator; Gold; Rhodium; Polyethylenimine; NEMS; Bottom-up assembly; Template; Clamp; Nanosensor; Q-factor; Directed assembly; Non-cyanide; Large-area; Microfabrication; Nucleation
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/1828/6007

Electrochemical synthesis of straight, separable, cylindrical nanowires for use as cantilevered mechanical resonators is the main focus of this dissertation. These types of nanowires are significant for many applications, but particularly so for chip-based sensor arrays made for ultrasensitive mass detection. Directed-assembly of nanowire-based devices has enabled the development of large-area fabrication of sensor devices with new functions such as cancer detection at early stage. Chemically stable noble metals gold and rhodium are interesting materials for making nanowire resonators. Gold makes a well-known, stable and strong bond with the thiol group, which enables a range of surface functionalization chemistries. Rhodium nanowires have desirable mechanical properties for resonant mass sensing as they can retain high quality factor (Q-factor) from high vacuum to near atmospheric pressures. As a versatile and inexpensive tool, electrodeposition provides the most suitable synthesis path for gold and rhodium resonator-grade nanowires in nanoporous templates. In this work, the structural characteristics of nanoporous membranes anodized aluminium oxide and track-etched polycarbonate was explored for use as electrodeposition template. New chemistries for making gold and rhodium nanowires are introduced. Although gold cyanide-based solutions work well for the electrochemical synthesis of separable nanowires, the toxicity of cyanide solutions makes non-cyanide alternatives desirable. However, electrochemical synthesis of gold nanowires in templates from non-cyanide solutions suffers from serious drawbacks. These include growth-arresting pellet formation, poor length control and defects such as inclusions. In this dissertation, the first electrochemical synthesis of straight, cylindrical, separable gold nanowires from a sulfite-based solution is presented. This work demonstrates a scheme that suppresses electroless particle growth in the weakly-complexed gold in solution by proper use of additives. The electrochemical nucleation and growth of rhodium nanowires from a sulphate-based solution is also discussed. The effect of pH on the length uniformity as well as the effect of EDTA and polyethylenimine as additives on the development of the wire nanostructure was studied. This study has shown that the control over hydrogen co-reduction on the electrode surface and its bubble transport rate allowed for tailoring the nanostructure of the grown nanowires. The control over electrochemical nucleation and growth of noble metal films for nanowire clamping has also been investigated in this work for making reliable defect-free clamps for nanoresonator measurements. Silver was introduced as a reliable replacement for gold for nanowire clamping. Resonance measurements of rhodium nanowires clamped with silver, confirmed a reliable and repeatable clamp with very small scatter in the plot of resonance frequency variation with appropriate geometric terms. In addition, we found that the elastic modulus of a set of rhodium nanowires synthesized and measured in this work, was 14% larger than in previous studies. === Graduate === 0794 === 0548 === [e-mail]