Koncept upája v Japonsku raného středověku. Využití schopnosti výběru vhodných prostředků (upája) v průběhu dramatických proměn tzv. nových kamakurských škol buddhismu

• Main Author: Vrba, Petr
• Other Authors: Heřman, Robin
• Format: Dissertation
• Language: Czech
• Published: 2010
• Online Access: http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-280911

There is a general opinion that during the Kamakura period (1185-1333) the scene of Japanese Buddhism has radically changed. But this change was possible only due to synchronisation of several factors that enabled the era or the society to be fit for that change. It's a fact that it was during these 150 years that the charismatic personages (Hnen, Shinran, Dgen, Nichiren) of founders of the most numerous Japanese Buddhist streams appeared. Nevertheless, various scholars have plausibly demonstrated that a striking majority of the so-called new elements had appeared many decades, even centuries before the Kamakura period. Similarly the delimitating of the so-called new movements against the traditional schools (as well as their proclaimed decline) proves dubious gaps. An important role in their relation to other schools was played by the usage of the traditional Buddhist concept of choosing the skilful means (sa. upya, jap. hben). Another remarkable common feature is that all these founders had claimed that salvation could be achieved by doing "only" one technique (one chosen by them). But this has never happened in Japan before or after the Kamakura period. In this paper I am primarily trying to answer one cardinal question: "What factors allowed for this exceptional situation?" I will proceed from the...