| Summary: | Text in Afrikaans === This thesis deals with the nature and operation of liens in South African law.
Whereas enrichment liens are classified as real rights, debtor creditor liens are not
(sometimes they are referred to as personal rights). The South African law of lien is
principally founded on Roman Dutch law and is similar to Dutch law before the
enactment of the current Burgerlijk Wetboek (BW).
In Dutch law the BW specifies which persons have a lien and under what
circumstances. In South African law a creditor can establish a lien against an owner
who has a duty to perform in terms of an agreement between the parties or, in the
absence of such an agreement, on the basis of unjustified enrichment.
My research has shown that a lien is not a subjective right but a capacity vested in a
creditor by operation of law. It empowers him to retain an owner’s (debtor) thing until
the creditor’s claim against him has been discharged. Extra-judicially the lien holder
can rely on his lien or he can raise it as a defence against the owner’s rei vindicatio.
The categorisation of liens as either enrichment liens, or debtor creditor liens is at
the most an indication of the different sources of the creditor’s right to which the lien
is accessory.
In Dutch law liens are classified as verhaalsrechten on the owner’s estate. These
rights (verhaalsrechten) are further classified as specific opschortingsrechten. A lien
is therefore a capacity granted to certain creditors by law to retain an owner’s
(debtor) thing.
Regarding the operation of liens against third parties (derdenwerking), Dutch law
distinguishes between a third party with an older right to the thing and a third party
with a later right to the thing. In South African case law derdewerking (real operation)
of liens is often used to explain the fact that the lienholder may, in the absence of an
agreement with the owner, retain the owner’s thing until his claim against the owner
has been discharged. In South African law a lien is a defence to the owner’s rei
vindicatio. Reliance on real operation (derdewerking) is often a means of explaining
that a lien exists against an owner with whom the creditor had no agreement. Real
operation, however, refers to the question against whom other than the owner the
lien may be enforced once its existence has been established. A lien can be
enforced against the creditors of the owner (debtor), the curator of the debtor’s
insolvent estate, heirs, mortgagees and servitude holders.
In Dutch law the BW grants preference to liens. Owing to the particular provisions of
the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936 liens in South African law enjoy preference above
other secured creditors of the insolvent owner (debtor). === Hierdie proefskrif handel oor die aard en werking van retensieregte in die Suid-
Afrikaanse reg. Verrykingsretensieregte word algemeen as saaklike regte bestempel
en skuldeiser-skuldenaar-retensieregte nie. Laasgenoemde word soms as persoonlike
regte tipeer. Die Suid-Afrikaanse reg insake retensieregte is hoofsaaklik op die
Romeins-Hollandse reg geskoei en stem in ‘n groot mate ooreen met die posisie in
die Nederlandse reg voor die inwerkingtreding van die huidige Burgerlijk Wetboek
(BW).
In die Nederlandse reg bepaal die BW uitdruklik watter persone in watter
omstandighede ‘n retensiereg het. In die Suid-Afrikaanse reg kan ‘n skuldeiser ‘n
retensiereg vestig teen ‘n eienaar wat prestasiepligtig is op grond van ‘n ooreenkoms
met die skuldeiser of, in die afwesigheid van ‘n ooreenkoms, op grond van verryking.
My navorsing toon dat ‘n retensiereg nie ‘n subjektiewe reg is nie, maar ‘n
terughoudingsbevoegdheid wat deur regswerking totstandkom. Dit stel die skuldeiser
in staat om die eienaar (skuldenaar) se saak te hou totdat die eienaar voldoen aan
die vorderingsreg wat die skuldeiser teen hom het. Die retensiereghouer kan
buitegeregtelik daarop steun, of dit as ‘n verweer teen die eienaar se rei vindicatio
aanwend. Die kategorisering van retensieregte in skuldeiser-skuldenaar-retensieregte
en verrykingsretensieregte is hoogstens aanduidend van die verskillende
ontstaansbronne van die vorderingsreg waartoe die retensiereg aksessoor is.
In die Nederlandse reg word retensieregte in die BW as verhaalsregte op die eienaar
se boedel geklassifiseer. Hierdie verhaalsregte word uitdruklik as besondere
opskortingsregte getipeer. ‘n Retensiereg is dus ‘n terughoudingsbevoegdheid wat
deur die objektiewe reg aan sekere skuldeisers verleen word.
Ten aansien van die derdewerking van retensieregte tref die Nederlandse reg ‘n
onderskeid tussen ‘n derde met ‘n later reg op die saak en ‘n derde met ‘n ouer reg
op die saak. In die Suid-Afrikaanse regspraak word “derdewerking” dikwels
aangewend om te verklaar waarom die retensiereghouer ‘n eienaar se saak mag
terughou totdat hy vergoed is vir uitgawes wat hy aan die eienaar se saak
aangebring het, terwyl hy geen ooreenkoms met die eienaar gehad het nie. In die
Suid-Afrikaanse reg is ‘n retensiereg ‘n verweer wat teen die eienaar se rei
vindicatio geopper kan word. Die beroep op “derdewerking” is dus dikwels die
kapstok om te bepaal of ‘n retensiereg teen die eienaar geopper kan word, terwyl dit
eintlik verwys na die afdwingbaarheid van ‘n bestaande retensiereg teen ander
persone as die eienaar. ‘n Retensiereg kan teen skuldeisers van die skuldenaar, die
kurator van die skuldenaar se insolvente boedel, erfgename, verbandhouers en
serwituutgeregtigdes afgedwing word.
In die Nederlandse reg verleen die BW voorkeur aan retensieregte. Vanweë die
besondere bepalings in die Insolvensiewet 24 van 1936 geniet retensieregte in die
Suid-Afrikaanse reg ook voorkeur bo ander versekerde skuldeisers van die
insolvente eienaar (skuldenaar). === Private Law === LL.D.
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