| Summary: | South Africa is a water stressed country, therefore it is important to understand water use and wastewater generation. Previous research and workshops have identified gaps in the characterisation and remediation of wastewaters in South Africa. Wastewater management can take advantage of wastewater as a valuable resource. However, treatment is required to recover this value, while characterisation is required to develop treatments. Yet wastewater characterisation information is often poorly reported. The nature of industrial wastewaters (in terms of volume, location and composition), and the norms of wastewater characterisation reporting (in terms of quality and accessibility) formed the basis for two research questions. A major component of this research was developing methods to access sensitive wastewater information. Relational approaches were based on building relationships through phone calls, emails, meetings and site visits. Formal, legal requests for were made with application in terms if the Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA). Even though wastewater information is not confidential, it is not readily accessible. 87 people from 42 companies or institutions were contacted; 14% of interactions lead to shared data or a meeting, and 12% shared resources. Key industries of interest were: pulp and paper, fish processing, power generation, mining and petroleum. Previous estimates of South African industrial wastewater volumes ranged from 70 – 350 Mm3 /annum. The pulp and paper industry contributed between 28 and 43% of this volume; petroleum contributed 9 to 26%. Both industries were located inland and in coastal regions of South Africa. These industries were most concerned with COD. Mining and power generation contributed 10 – 15% and 7 – 14% respectively. These industries were located inland, and were concerned with total dissolved solids, and specifically sulphate, sodium and chlorides. The fish processing industry contributed between 0 and 23% of volumes, depending whether wastewaters released to a marine environment were included. Seven parameters were reported for over half of the streams considered (65 in total). These parameters were: pH, volume, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, sulphate, sodium and COD. Sulphate and sodium were dominant ions. Calcium was not measured, even though discharge limits were listed in environmental licenses. Characterisation information was reported for compliance and not for treatability. The parameters measured should be expanded to include important parameters for treatability. Industry, research institution and governmental bodies can work together to identify such parameters and develop locally relevant treatments. It is recommended that possible synergies between these groupings be enhanced to improve wastewater management. But an atmosphere of trust and transparency is required to facilitate synergistic relationships. The legal framework in South Africa can be used to motivate for transparency with respect to wastewaters.
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