| Summary: | Includes bibliographical references. === Globally Sub-Saharan Africa carries the biggest burden of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection in patients infected with HIV. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has decreased the burden of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients, the incidence of tuberculosis remains higher than in the general population. HIV-tuberculosis co-infection requires dual treatment with ART and tuberculosis treatment, exposing patients to multiple drug-drug interactions. As ART programs mature, more patients will be changed from first-line to second-line ART. In South Africa, the adult second-line ART consists of the protease inhibitor (PI) lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) and 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTls). This review will focus on the data of the drug-drug interactions between the PIs and rifampicin, with an emphasis on LPV/r.
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