Aiming strategies for small central receiver systems

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. === ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Concentrating solar power as a sustainable energy technology is considered favourable in South Africa due to the high solar resource and the integration possibilities with the current electricity grid. Considering the various conc...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Grobler, Annemarie
Other Authors: Gauche, Paul
Format: Others
Language:en_ZA
Published: Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University 2015
Subjects:
Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97051
id ndltd-netd.ac.za-oai-union.ndltd.org-sun-oai-scholar.sun.ac.za-10019.1-97051
record_format oai_dc
collection NDLTD
language en_ZA
format Others
sources NDLTD
topic Central receiver system -- Aiming strategies
Heliostat field and receiver
Small experimental heliostat fields -- Aiming strategies
UCTD
spellingShingle Central receiver system -- Aiming strategies
Heliostat field and receiver
Small experimental heliostat fields -- Aiming strategies
UCTD
Grobler, Annemarie
Aiming strategies for small central receiver systems
description Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. === ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Concentrating solar power as a sustainable energy technology is considered favourable in South Africa due to the high solar resource and the integration possibilities with the current electricity grid. Considering the various concentrating solar power technologies, the central receiver system is thought to be one of the most promising due to its high capacity factor and cost-efficient thermal storage capabilities. These thermal systems are able to reach high temperatures (more than 1000°C have been shown), and to obtain such temperatures, a high solar flux is required. This is achievable by aiming all of the heliostats at the centre of the target. High flux gradients over the receiver surface area and between the outer and inner surfaces of the receiver material can exist. These thermal gradients account for differences in temperatures on the receiver which result in thermal stresses leading to elastic and potentially plastic deformation of the material. To eradicate the thermal stresses, the aim points of the heliostats can be managed such that the flux density distribution over the receiver aperture is decreased and homogenised. The primary objective of this thesis is to develop an aiming strategy specifically for small experimental heliostat fields. To reach this objective, a simulation platform was developed to model any heliostat field and receiver, and an analysis was conducted to compare analytical flux prediction methods to ray tracing. At high incidence angles of between 30° and 60°, the standard deviations of the circular Gaussian flux approximation methods were found to differ between approximately 10 % and 30 % from the ray traced results. A novel method, the Gaussian mixture model, was suggested and deviated less than 4 % from the ray traced results when considering the standard deviation of the flux profile. Two basic aiming strategies were developed using the Tabu search and Genetic algorithm optimisation methods. These two strategies make use of approximate method of flux prediction. Experiments were conducted to investigate static aiming strategies on physical systems and to identify factors that could have an effect on the experimental results. Finally a method of implementing the aiming strategy on a dynamic system was proposed. By implementing both optimisation methods to complement each other, a new aiming strategy was developed that proved to provide better homogenisation of the flux distribution than either of the two methods alone. The accuracy of the final predicted flux distribution was improved by using the Gaussian mixture model as the flux distribution approximation method. === AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gekonsentreerde sonenergie as ’n hernubare energie bron, word in Suid-Afrika as uitvoerbaar beskou weens die hoë stralingsdigtheid asook die moontlikheid om hierdie tegnologie te koppel aan die huidige energienetwerk. As die verskeie gekonsentreerde sonenergie tegnologieë in ag geneem word, word sentrale ontvangerstelsels beskou as die mees belowende sonenergie konsep as gevolg van die hoë energie kapasiteit en die vermoë om termiese energie te stoor. Hierdie termiese stelsels besit die vermoë om hoë temperature te bereik (meer as 1000°C is al opgemerk), en om hierdie temperature te verkry word ’n hoë termiese vloed benodig. Dit is bereikbaar deur al die heliostate op die middel van die ontvanger te rig. Hoë termiese vloedgradiënte oor die oppervlakte van die opvanger en tussen die buite- en binne laag van die opvanger materiaal kan ontstaan. Termiese vloedgradiënte kan verskille in temperatuur op die ontvanger veroorsaak wat termiese spanning tot gevolg het kan lei tot elastiese en potensieel plastiese vervorming van die materiaal. Omvan die termiese spanning ontslae te raak kan die heliostate deur beheerstelsels na ander dele van die ontvanger gerig word om sodoende ’n laer en meer egalige termiese vloed oor die oppervlak van die ontvanger te verkry. Die hoofdoel van hierdie tesis is die ontwikkeling van ’n mikstrategie, hoofsaaklik bedoel vir klein eksperimentele heliostaatvelde. Om hierdie hoofdoel te bereik, was ’n simulasieplatform ontwikkel waardeur heliostaatvelde en opvangerstelsels gemodelleer kan word, en ’n analise is gedoen om die verskeidenheid benaderende analitiese metodes te vergelyk met die straalopsporingsmetode. By hoë invalshoeke tussen 30° en 60° is daar gevind dat die benaderende modelle wat die termiese vloed as ’n normale Gaussiese verspreiding beskou, ’n afwyking van die straalopsporingsresultate toon van ongeveer 10 % tot 30 %. ’n Nuwe metode, die Gaussiese mengsel model, was voorgestel en het minder as 4 % van die straalopsporings resultate afgewyk, met die standaard afwyking van die termiese vloed profiel in ag geneem. Twee basiese mikstrategieë is ontwikkel deur gebruik te maak van die Tabu soek en Genetiese algoritme optimeringsmetodes. Hierdie strategieë maak gebruik van die benaderende metodes om termiese vloed te voorspel. Eksperimente is uitgevoer om die implementering van statiese mikstrategieë op ’n fisiese stelsel te beskou en die faktore wat ’n invloed op die eksperimentele resultate sal hê te identifiseer. Ten laaste word ’n metode voorgestel vir die implementering van die mikstrategieë op ’n dinamiese stelsel. Deur beide optimeringsmetodes te implementeer sodat hul mekaar komplimenteer, word ’n nuwe mikstrategie ontwikkel wat beter homogenisering van die termiese vloed verspreiding bewys het as enige van die alleen staande metodes. Die akkuraatheid van die finale voorgestelde termiese vloed verspreiding was verbeter deur gebruik te maak van die Gaussiese mengsel model as die benaderende metode van die termiese vloed verspreiding.
author2 Gauche, Paul
author_facet Gauche, Paul
Grobler, Annemarie
author Grobler, Annemarie
author_sort Grobler, Annemarie
title Aiming strategies for small central receiver systems
title_short Aiming strategies for small central receiver systems
title_full Aiming strategies for small central receiver systems
title_fullStr Aiming strategies for small central receiver systems
title_full_unstemmed Aiming strategies for small central receiver systems
title_sort aiming strategies for small central receiver systems
publisher Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University
publishDate 2015
url http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97051
work_keys_str_mv AT groblerannemarie aimingstrategiesforsmallcentralreceiversystems
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spelling ndltd-netd.ac.za-oai-union.ndltd.org-sun-oai-scholar.sun.ac.za-10019.1-970512016-01-29T04:03:30Z Aiming strategies for small central receiver systems Grobler, Annemarie Gauche, Paul Smit, Willie Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Engineering. Dept. of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering. Central receiver system -- Aiming strategies Heliostat field and receiver Small experimental heliostat fields -- Aiming strategies UCTD Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Concentrating solar power as a sustainable energy technology is considered favourable in South Africa due to the high solar resource and the integration possibilities with the current electricity grid. Considering the various concentrating solar power technologies, the central receiver system is thought to be one of the most promising due to its high capacity factor and cost-efficient thermal storage capabilities. These thermal systems are able to reach high temperatures (more than 1000°C have been shown), and to obtain such temperatures, a high solar flux is required. This is achievable by aiming all of the heliostats at the centre of the target. High flux gradients over the receiver surface area and between the outer and inner surfaces of the receiver material can exist. These thermal gradients account for differences in temperatures on the receiver which result in thermal stresses leading to elastic and potentially plastic deformation of the material. To eradicate the thermal stresses, the aim points of the heliostats can be managed such that the flux density distribution over the receiver aperture is decreased and homogenised. The primary objective of this thesis is to develop an aiming strategy specifically for small experimental heliostat fields. To reach this objective, a simulation platform was developed to model any heliostat field and receiver, and an analysis was conducted to compare analytical flux prediction methods to ray tracing. At high incidence angles of between 30° and 60°, the standard deviations of the circular Gaussian flux approximation methods were found to differ between approximately 10 % and 30 % from the ray traced results. A novel method, the Gaussian mixture model, was suggested and deviated less than 4 % from the ray traced results when considering the standard deviation of the flux profile. Two basic aiming strategies were developed using the Tabu search and Genetic algorithm optimisation methods. These two strategies make use of approximate method of flux prediction. Experiments were conducted to investigate static aiming strategies on physical systems and to identify factors that could have an effect on the experimental results. Finally a method of implementing the aiming strategy on a dynamic system was proposed. By implementing both optimisation methods to complement each other, a new aiming strategy was developed that proved to provide better homogenisation of the flux distribution than either of the two methods alone. The accuracy of the final predicted flux distribution was improved by using the Gaussian mixture model as the flux distribution approximation method. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gekonsentreerde sonenergie as ’n hernubare energie bron, word in Suid-Afrika as uitvoerbaar beskou weens die hoë stralingsdigtheid asook die moontlikheid om hierdie tegnologie te koppel aan die huidige energienetwerk. As die verskeie gekonsentreerde sonenergie tegnologieë in ag geneem word, word sentrale ontvangerstelsels beskou as die mees belowende sonenergie konsep as gevolg van die hoë energie kapasiteit en die vermoë om termiese energie te stoor. Hierdie termiese stelsels besit die vermoë om hoë temperature te bereik (meer as 1000°C is al opgemerk), en om hierdie temperature te verkry word ’n hoë termiese vloed benodig. Dit is bereikbaar deur al die heliostate op die middel van die ontvanger te rig. Hoë termiese vloedgradiënte oor die oppervlakte van die opvanger en tussen die buite- en binne laag van die opvanger materiaal kan ontstaan. Termiese vloedgradiënte kan verskille in temperatuur op die ontvanger veroorsaak wat termiese spanning tot gevolg het kan lei tot elastiese en potensieel plastiese vervorming van die materiaal. Omvan die termiese spanning ontslae te raak kan die heliostate deur beheerstelsels na ander dele van die ontvanger gerig word om sodoende ’n laer en meer egalige termiese vloed oor die oppervlak van die ontvanger te verkry. Die hoofdoel van hierdie tesis is die ontwikkeling van ’n mikstrategie, hoofsaaklik bedoel vir klein eksperimentele heliostaatvelde. Om hierdie hoofdoel te bereik, was ’n simulasieplatform ontwikkel waardeur heliostaatvelde en opvangerstelsels gemodelleer kan word, en ’n analise is gedoen om die verskeidenheid benaderende analitiese metodes te vergelyk met die straalopsporingsmetode. By hoë invalshoeke tussen 30° en 60° is daar gevind dat die benaderende modelle wat die termiese vloed as ’n normale Gaussiese verspreiding beskou, ’n afwyking van die straalopsporingsresultate toon van ongeveer 10 % tot 30 %. ’n Nuwe metode, die Gaussiese mengsel model, was voorgestel en het minder as 4 % van die straalopsporings resultate afgewyk, met die standaard afwyking van die termiese vloed profiel in ag geneem. Twee basiese mikstrategieë is ontwikkel deur gebruik te maak van die Tabu soek en Genetiese algoritme optimeringsmetodes. Hierdie strategieë maak gebruik van die benaderende metodes om termiese vloed te voorspel. Eksperimente is uitgevoer om die implementering van statiese mikstrategieë op ’n fisiese stelsel te beskou en die faktore wat ’n invloed op die eksperimentele resultate sal hê te identifiseer. Ten laaste word ’n metode voorgestel vir die implementering van die mikstrategieë op ’n dinamiese stelsel. Deur beide optimeringsmetodes te implementeer sodat hul mekaar komplimenteer, word ’n nuwe mikstrategie ontwikkel wat beter homogenisering van die termiese vloed verspreiding bewys het as enige van die alleen staande metodes. Die akkuraatheid van die finale voorgestelde termiese vloed verspreiding was verbeter deur gebruik te maak van die Gaussiese mengsel model as die benaderende metode van die termiese vloed verspreiding. 2015-05-20T09:29:28Z 2015-05-20T09:29:28Z 2015-03 Thesis http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97051 en_ZA Stellenbosch University 117 pages : illustrations Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University