Afrikaanse liederwysies : 'n bestekopname

Thesis (MMus)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. === ENGLISH ABSTRACT: “Liederwysies” (folk hymns) are spiritual folk songs that emerged in the Afrikaans culture at the beginning of the 19th century, and were used in isolated cases until the late 20th century. These hymn tunes were sung by isolated r...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Smith, Aletta Margaretha
Other Authors: Grove, Izak J.
Format: Others
Language:af_ZA
Published: Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University 2013
Subjects:
Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80376
Description
Summary:Thesis (MMus)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. === ENGLISH ABSTRACT: “Liederwysies” (folk hymns) are spiritual folk songs that emerged in the Afrikaans culture at the beginning of the 19th century, and were used in isolated cases until the late 20th century. These hymn tunes were sung by isolated rural families during their family worship and were passed on via oral tradition. The origin of such melodies can be traced to various sources, and like the similar process affecting folk music traditions all over the world, they emerged as variations of official settings of psalms, hymns and other spiritual songs as well as secular melodies. The process is comparable with the medieval centonization and contrafacta: in the first case fragments of typical melodic contours may be used, and in the second, secular melodies are appropriated for spiritual texts. (In the latter case the 19th century Anglicisation policy and the influence of American revival hymns probably occasioned e.g. the American folk song Clementine to be used as the basis of a folk hymn.) In some instances specially composed melodies which had become obsolete, were retained as “liederwysies”, as happened with F.W. Jannasch's setting of Psalm 130. The demands of performance practice called for melodic variation, and one might even identify instances of elementary neologism. Much of the variation draw upon extensive decoration, such as melodic and rhythmic deviation, often by means of auxilliary notes, passing notes (known as “draaiers” (“turns”) in the vernacular), and apparently random rhythmic adaptations of unknown sources of melody. Dutch researchers led research into this folk music genre at the beginning of the 20th century. The first known notation of “liederwijzen” was done by Hendrik Vischer in 1896, followed by two booklets by Willem van Warmelo published in 1948 and 1958. These excited much interest, and G.G. (Gawie) Cillié stepped forward as Van Warmelo's avid (if musicologically less erudite) successor. Although Cillié opposed the folk hymns originally from church musical convictions, since he saw them as jeopardizing the “purity” of Afrikaans church music, he did collaborate with the inclusion of some such tunes in the Liedboek van die Kerk (2001). His last publication, reviewing 70 folk hymns, appeared in print in 1993. For the purposes of this thesis all known research on the topic was collected and evaluated critically. The researcher provides the broad historical background to the development of spiritual folk songs and identifies problems involved in such research. A total of 176 melodies (including variants) are examined and described individually, and where possible, they are placed in context with regard to their origin and composition. === AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Liederwysies is geestelike volksliedere wat sedert die begin van die 19de eeu in die Afrikaanse volksmond ontstaan het, en in geïsoleerde gebruik was tot die laat 20ste eeu. Hierdie liedere is deur geïsoleerde (plattelandse) families tydens huisgodsdiens gesing en deur mondelinge tradisie oorgedra. Die herkoms van sulke melodieë kan aan ’n verskeidenheid bronne toegeskryf word, en ooreenkomstig ’n proses eie aan volksmusikale tradisies wêreldwyd, dit wil sê variante van offisiële melodieë vir Psalms, Gesange, ander geestelike liedere, asook sekulêre melodieë. Die proses is in baie gevalle vergelykbaar met die Middeleeuse sentonisasie en kontrafaktuur: in die eerste geval kan fragmente of tipiese melodiese wendings van bekende melodieë diens doen, en in die tweede geval word sekulêre melodieë aangewend vir geestelike tekste. (In laasgenoemde geval het die negentiende-eeuse anglisasiebeleid en die invloed van Amerikaanse opwekkingsliedere waarskynlik bygedra tot die wye gebruik van byvoorbeeld die Amerikaanse liedjie Clementine as basis vir ’n liederwysie.) Enkele gevalle van gekomponeerde melodieë wat egter in onbruik geraak het, maar in die geheue bly vassteek het as “liederwysie” is ook bekend, soos F.W Jannasch se melodie vir Psalm 130. By wyse van ’n deels unieke uitvoeringspraktiese benadering het verskeie melodievariante ontstaan, en in enkele gevalle kan daar selfs sprake wees van elementêre nuutskeppings. Die element van variëring berus grotendeels op die gebruik van soms uitvoerige “versierings”, dit wil sê melodiese en ritmiese afwykings, meestal by wyse van wisselnote, deurgangsnote (in die volksmond bekend as “draaiers”), en oënskynlik willekeurige ritmiese “aanpassings” van die meestal onbekende melodiebronne. Die navorsing van hierdie volksmusikale genre is hoofsaaklik deur Nederlanders aan die begin van die 20ste eeu onderneem. Die eerste notasie van “liederwijzen” is (sover bekend) in 1896 deur Hendrik Visscher gedoen. Willem van Warmelo se navorsing is in twee klein boekpublikasies in 1948 en 1958 gepubliseer. Dit het baie belangstelling uitgelok, en Van Warmelo het ’n ywerige (hoewel musiekwetenskaplik minder onderlegde) opvolger gehad in G.G (Gawie) Cillié. Alhoewel Cillié weens kerkmusikale oortuigings hom aanvanklik teen die liederwysies uitgespreek het, en dit as ’n bedreiging vir die “suiwer” Afrikaanse kerklied beskou het, het hy meegewerk aan die insluiting van enkele van die melodieë in die Liedboek van die Kerk (2001). Sy laaste publikasie oor die onderwerp, met ’n oorsig oor 70 liederwysies, het in 1993 verskyn. Vir hierdie studie is alle bekende navorsing oor die onderwerp versamel en krities geëvalueer. ’n Breë historiese agtergrond van die ontwikkeling van die geestelike volkslied, en die probleme wat met die navorsing daarvan gepaard gaan is uitgelig. Die totaal van 176 melodieë (insluitend variante) is individueel ondersoek en beskryf, en waar moontlik in konteks geplaas ten opsigte oorsprong en samestelling.