| Summary: | Navigating in the arctic has become more common, but it is dicult and dangerousdue to the presence of ice. Any training under safer circumstances is therefore veryvaluable, enter the need for ship simulators. Ship simulators today incorporate manyfeatures, such as cranes, anchors, wires, and state of the art physics. However, theinclusion of ice is very rare due to the complexity of simulating the feedback from theice breaking progress.The purpose of this project is to build a model and numerical methods to simulate icefracture in real-time, which is to be used in ship simulators. The model presented inthis project is implemented with the use of the physics engine AgX Multiphysics madeby Algoryx Simulation ABThe method represents the ice sheet as a non-homogeneous mesh. A collision with thehull of the ship injects deformation energy into the ice. The energy from the inelasticimpact is distributed on the ice sheet according to a quasi-static crack propagationmodel that is dened on a static mesh. The cracks are guided using stress elds thatapproximate the strain in each vertex. The distribution of the strain is done by a simplemodel which allows for breaking ice in non-uniform fragments. This is more realisticthan fracture in predened shapes which is the main contribution of this project. Thefragments become unbreakable rigid body ice oes that interact with the ship's hull bycollision and friction.The implementation of the ice model is tested by using a trimesh model of the TorViking II icebreaker using approximated buoyancy calculations, damping equations,and engine forces.Real-time performance is not achieved yet in the general case, but this is due to thechoice of collision geometry and the oe creation. Unstable force spikes from thecontacts between the ship and the ice is detected, but the overall global ice resistanceshows few abnormalities. Replacing the collision geometry and the rigid body oes isnecessary for the implementation to be able to run in real-time. Further experimentsto compare with real model data is needed to be able to validate the model.
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