| Summary: | This taxonomic study on the disparate species that have been named in Trematosphaeria Fuckel, begins by selecting a generitype specimen and determining that by Barr's classification of the Loculoascomycetes Trematosphaeria belongs to the Melanommataceae, Melanommatales. A survey of eight-two species that have been named in Trematosphaeria, or are reported synonyms of Trematosphaeria species, or are reported to be Trematosphaeria-like, reveals that most of these species do not meet the fundamental criteria for membership in Trematosphaeria that can be inferred from the higher taxa. Instead, they represent two classes, six orders, eleven families, thirty genera and fifty-one species in the Ascomycota. The species are described and illustrated. To accommodate the species excluded from Trematosphaeria where no legitimate name is available for synonymy, two new genera and thirty-eight new combinations are proposed. Five species are accepted in Trematosphaeria: T. pertusa (lectotype), T. cariosa, T. confusa, T. hydrela, T. mangrovis. Species of Trematosphaeria grow on wood or bark of dicotyledonous angiosperms as hemibiotrophs or saprobes. They are little collected, but appear to be distributed worldwide in the temperate to tropical climatic regions. No anamorph is known in species of Trematosphaeria. Astrosphaeriella and Caryospora are the genera that demonstrate close relationships with Trematosphaeria.
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