| Summary: | 碩士 === 國立臺灣大學 === 植物科學研究所 === 107 === Genetic architecture of adaptation has been the central focus to evolutionary biology, and effect sizes thereof have been investigated from theory to empirical studies. Taiwan is a perfect place to explore such synthesis of the genetic basis and effect size where standing variations (SV) and new mutations (NM) were established through the recurring connection to East Asian continent at glacial periods. Here, we center on a wild banana Musa itinerans that distributes along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in Taiwan, and assess the adaptive course from the past to the future. Significant genetics-environment association indicates local adaptation where the assortment of SV and NM contributes differently. While SV are dominant in number, NM exert larger effect size in precipitation-related climates, especially for those novel to mainland China. Under anthropogenic climate change, both SV and NM have no inclination to retain in the future. Incorporation of effect size into species distribution modeling unveils the indiscernible extinction risk of apparently fitting populations. Our results demonstrate the trajectories of adaptive SV and NM, and identify southwestern Taiwan as the most vulnerable region with the integration of universal and locally differential responses of M. itinerans.
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