The Reliability and Validity of Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (Chinese Version) and Current State of Religious and Spiritual Struggles for Taiwanese Christian

• Main Authors: MAO, JIN-PING, 毛鈞平
• Other Authors: CHANG, LI-LI
• Format: Others
• Language: zh-TW
• Published: 2019
• Online Access: http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/es96mv

碩士 === 國立屏東大學 === 教育心理與輔導學系碩士班 === 107 === 　　Three purposes of this study were 1) to revise and validate the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSSS) developed by Exline, Pargament, Grubbs, & Yali(2014); 2) to examine the current state of religious and spiritual struggles of Taiwanese Christian; and, 3) to test the differences in the religious and spiritual struggles based on the demographic information (e.g. age, gender, education , religiosity, and major stress event) on the sample. 　　A convenience sample of 507 participants from 18 to 75 of age was collected via online and written questionnaires from Taiwanese Christian. Participants were given a “Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale” (including six sub-scales: Divine , Demonic, Interpersonal, Moral, Ultimate Meaning, and Doubt), a “Meaning in Life Questionnaire” (including two sub-scales: Search for meaning and the presence of meaning), a “Satisfaction with Life Scale,” a “Psychological Well-Being Scale”(including six sub-scales: Positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, and self-acceptance), a “UCLA Loneliness Scale”, and a “General Health Questionnaire” (including four sub-scales: Somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction, and severe depression). The data was analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 19.0 statistic package. The findings were as follows: (1) A six-factor structure model (i.e., Divine, Demonic, Interpersonal, Moral, Ultimate Meaning, and Doubt) (22 items) were extracted, accounted for 57.27% of total variance, better than the original RSSS (26 items), using exploratory factor analysis and item analysis. But the fit indices (global fit and individual parameter fit) of six-factor structure model (22 items) were not acceptable according to the results of confirmatory factor analysis. Notably, four-factor (Divine, Moral, Ultimate Meaning, and Doubt) are similar in construct according to inter-correlation and variance explained, was categorized as “religious and spiritual beliefs struggle.” In addition, the fit indices supported the four-factor structure model and a second-order model with a higher-order latent variable. (2) The correlations between “Religious and spiritual beliefs struggle scales” and criterion index, from high to low respectively, were general health (r=.63), loneliness(r=.54). presence of meaning (r=-.452), Satisfaction with Life (r=-.45), psychological well-being (r=-.44), and search for meaning (r=.35). (3) Participants’ current religious and spiritual struggles conditions were listed from high to low respectively: Moral, Interpersonal, Ultimate Meaning, Demonic, Divine, and Doubt. (4) Results of MANOVA showed that religious and spiritual struggles for Taiwanese Christian varied with demographic groups except gender. Religious and spiritual struggle were significantly different across age, education, religiosity (including five items for participation of church activities, intrapersonal behaviors (e.g. praying or reading bible), importance of religious believe, importance of church members, and religious belief salience), major stress event, and levels of major stress event. 　　Finally, discussions regarding the findings of this study and suggestions to psychological counseling and further research were provided.