| Summary: | 博士 === 國立臺灣大學 === 心理學研究所 === 103 === This paper aims to take a process perspective in the cultural context to study Chinese effort making. Study 1 employed the qualitative method in which 26 participants were interviewed in order to development the model of Chinese effort making (MCEM). The results indicated that two orientations of the MCEM formation exist: “self-development” and “human-obligation.” Study 2a then sought to development the effort scales on “self-development” and “human-obligation” with 713 subjects ranging from 16 to 60 years of age. The results showed: 1) “The effort of self-restraint” appeared later in stage than “the effort of struggle,” while “the effort of carefree” appeared later than “the effort of struggle,” 2) “The effort to behave oneself” appeared later than “the effort of obedience,” while “the effort of no regrets” appeared later than “the effort to behave oneself.” Study 2b explored the relationship between the two orientations of effort and emotional adaptation and the mechanic of transformation. The results showed that “the effort of carefree” and “the effort of no regrets” exhibited stronger correlation with positive adaptation, while “the effort of obedience” and “The effort of self-restraint” showed stronger positive correlation with negative adaptation. Study 2c then explored the relationship between the two stages of effort making (“to do your best” / “to know the decrees of heaven”) and the belief in fate. The results showed: 1) “The effort of self-restraint” demonstrated a more significant positive relationship with the belief in fatalism, “the effort of struggle” demonstrated a more significant positive relationship with agency fate, while “the effort of carefree” demonstrated a more significant positive relationship with negotiable fate; 2) “The effort of obedience” demonstrated a more significant positive relationship with the belief in fatalism, “the effort to behave oneself” demonstrated a more significant positive relationship with the belief in merit, while “the effort of no regrets” demonstrated a more significant positive relationship with agency fate. Finally, we discussed the cultural meaning behind the model of Chinese effort making (MCEM).
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