| Summary: | 碩士 === 健行科技大學 === 國際企業經營系碩士班 === 103 === Differences in regional development and resources often cause unequal educational opportunities, especially in urban areas. Due to the dense population, urban areas have access to more educational institutions as well as educational resources than rural areas do, thus causing a major discrepancy between educational opportunities in urban and rural zones. This trend can be seen on a global scale. Industrial countries such as Belgium, Iceland, Israel, Australia, Denmark, Finland, France have higher gross domestic products (GDP) due to an abundance of educational resources. Grades of middle-school students in industrial nations are better than those of middle-school students in non-industrialized nations. However, according to test results from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), researchers discovered that the top five nations with superior education were, with the exception of Finland, Asian countries. Researchers had expected that global industrial powers, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, would follow the trend and rank higher, but were surprised to discover that they were placed beyond the top ten, contradicting their notion. A cross-reference between average GDP of OECD countries, educational expense ratios, and the Human Development Index, followed by an application of a Context-Dependent Model produced a conclusive analysis of national education. According to the data, Level 1 countries, ranked first, consisting of non-industrialized such as Poland, Slovakia, Estonia, Slovenia and Ireland, have relatively higher educational “scores”. On the other hand, Level 4 countries, ranked last, consisting of industrially advanced nations such as Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, the United States, and Israel, have relatively lower educational “scores”. In conclusion, advanced urbanization is not a clear indication of superior education.
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