Gastrointestinal Protection of Fermented Noni Fruit Extracts

• Main Authors: Hsin-Lun Huang, 黃信綸
• Other Authors: Chin-Kun Wang
• Format: Others
• Language: en_US
• Published: 2015
• Online Access: http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46109992629212255431

博士 === 中山醫學大學 === 營養學研究所 === 103 === Pathogen infection and its related inflammation which increase the risk of gastrointestinal disease formation, including gastric ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease. To prevent and relieve bacterial infection or inflammatory response are optimal stratagem. Noni (Morinda citrifolia) is found to possess antibacteria, anti-inflammation and antioxidative activites, but its effects on gastrointestinal protection remain unknown. In this study, the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of fermented noni fruit were used to evaluate the prevention and alleviation on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and inflammatory response on gastric (AGS) and colonic (Caco-2) cells respectively. The inhibitory and antiadhesion activity of both extracts on H. pylori were evaluated. The pro-inflammatory molecules, namely cyclooxygenase (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-8 (IL-8), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), transportation of cytotoxin associated gene A (CagA) protein and neutrophils migration were assessed after H. pylori treated in AGS cells. The wound healing and transportation of vacuolating toxin A (VacA) were estimated after H. pylori or bacterial-cultured medium treated. The inflammatory protein also be determined after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-1β treated on Caco-2 cells. Moreover, the antioxidation of both extracts on various free radicals and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation were evaluated. First, both extracts of fermented noni fruit contained abundant quercetin and coumaric acid respectively. Both extracts showed significant suppression on H. pylori adhesion, CagA transportation, inflammatory response (COX-2, iNOS, PGE2, NO), neutrophils migration and contribute to wound healing by impeding VacA signals although no inhibition on H. pylori growth. Both extract showed great antioxidative activities (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, reduction ability, ferrous ion chelating and LDL oxidation) and scavenging on free radicals (DPPH, superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide), the ethyl acetate significantly suppressed the levels of intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) during LPS treated on Caco-2 cells. The ethanol extract promoted probiotics growth (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp.). On the contrary, the ethyl acetate extract can significantly inhibit inflammatory signals by NF-κB pathway without effecting on probiotic growth. The phenolic compounds of both extracts significantly inhibited H. pylori adhesion and inflammatory response on AGS and Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, the extracts of fermented noni fruit down-regulated inflammatory responses and promote wound healing during H. pylori infection. Ethyl acetate extract of fermented noni fruit can prevent excessive oxidation and inflammation on intestine. Phenolic compounds play key role on gastrointestinal protection.