An Examination and Analysis of the Annual Deeds of Philosophers ofPolitical Strategy in the Warring Statea Periods—Based on anInvestigationinto the Live of Gong Sun Yan,Zhang yi,and Su Qin

• Main Authors: Li, Ming-Chang, 黎明昌
• Other Authors: Luo, Du-Xiu
• Format: Others
• Language: zh-TW
• Published: 2014
• Online Access: http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09365666040409308528

博士 === 中國文化大學 === 史學系 === 102 === The historical events of the Warring States Period are too complicated to clarify. Using Zhu Zi’s（諸子） point of views to make things clear has become a unique way to apply. Among Zhu Zi, Jiu Liu Shi Jia(九流十家) are the most famous; however, only nine of them are worth of analyzing. Ban Gu(班固) and Zhang Xue Chen(章學 誠) has adopted the term, Zong Hen(縱橫), to conclude the development of the Warring States Peried, and, accordingly, Zhu Zi was involved broadly and deeply with the development and evolution of each country concerned. Therefore, understanding Zhu Zi’s theories is the key to discover the history. What Zhu Zi said, however,were regarded as intention of lobbying, so they were usually discarded by historians and scholars, when doing the researches. Gradually, Zhu Zi’s speeches, in conjunction with the history of those countries, have been significantly veiled. As mentioned above, the history of Warring States Period and Zhu Zi can be mutually demonstrated. When it comes to Zong Hen Jia(縱橫家), Zhang Yi(張儀) and Su Qin(蘇秦) have been deemed as the most influential in the Warring States Period, as Sima Qian said ”both are the most important figures.” However, the stories of Zhang Yi and Su Qin were mostly told by general public in that period; therefore Sima Qian said “there are different sayings related to Su Qin because different things that occurred at different times were mistakenly applied to him.” And Jing Chun(景春) asked Mong Zi(孟子) “Aren’t Gong Sun Yan(公孫衍) and Zhang Yi great people?” Zi Zhi Tong Jian(資治通鑑) mentioned that concerning the methods of Zong Hen, ”Zhang Yi, Su Qin, and Gong Sun Yan are the most famous.” Among Zhu Zi in the Warring States Period, it seems that besides Su Qin and Zhang Yi, Gong Sun Yan is famous, too. Gong Sun Yan was the political opponent against Zhang Yi, and Su Qin belonged to younger generation; but regarding Zong Hen Jia in that period, we often compare Su Qin with Zhang Yi due to some fallacies happening. Uncovering the truths among these three people is highly important to discovering the historical validity between Zong Hen Jia and the Warring States Period. Moreover, Zong Hen Jia made their fortune by high-profile speeches, debating, and sensationalism, so from the historical view, they were deemed as people too crooked to be listed in the Jiu Liu Shi Jia. Nonetheless, the hearsays of Zong Hen Jia correspond to what Gu Jie Gang said, accumulating those errors one by one in a short period and misleading. Removing those hearsays, Zhong Hen Jia has its own reasonable theories and can communicate within Zhu Zi. Its distinct theories were from the former generation and basing them on the historiographers. What Zong Hen Jia did can be regarded as the heritage of Wang Guan Xue(王官學) and hence “the contingency theory was adoptable as well in the Warring States Period, with no need to involve officials in”, said Sima Qian. Lie Zhuan(列傳) in Shi Ji(史記) could demonstrate scholarship and verify their origins. Lie Zhuan listed most of those who were Zong Hen Jia or who were skilled at handling contingency. Recognizing the reality and combing it with ideas is a functional thinking, “a condescending way leading to the right track.” Politics and scholarship are two sides of one body. “The contingency theory was adoptable as well in the Warring States Period”, sufficient to highlight the reality of the period and theories of the scholarship, and to complete the missions of era. Sima Qian can see things other people cannot see through and put the two into Lie Zhuan of Si Ji, proving that he not only was a man of wit but also exclusively put much weight on Zhong Hen Jia. Key