| Summary: | 碩士 === 國立臺灣大學 === 職業醫學與工業衛生研究所 === 101 === Background:
Urbanization and industrialization has rapidly increased air pollution of SO2 and NO2 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia in the past few decades, especially in the ger areas in the winter when wood or coal-burning stoves for heating and cooking were needed. The exposure to air pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among residents remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to study urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) levels, a metabolite of PAHs, among students living in different parts of Ulaanbaatar.
Methods:
Our study subjects were 320 students aged from 11 to 15 years old in 6 schools in Ulaanbaatar. Spot urine samples and questionnaires were collected three times for each subject in three seasons, i.e. September (warm) and December (cold) in 2011and March (moderate) in 2012. Urinary 1-OHP was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection (HPLC/FLD). Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models were applied to estimate seasonal effects on 1-OHP levels, adjusting for demographic and environmental factors. SO2 and NO2 concentrations at subjects’ addresses predicted by land use regression models were used to regress against students’ urinary 1-OHP levels.
Results:
Students’ urinary 1-OHP levels were 0.30±0.57 μmol/mol creatinine in cold season, 0.14±0.12 μmol/mol creatinine in moderate season, and 0.14±0.21 μmol/mol creatinine in warm season. Urinary 1-OHP levels in cold and moderate seasons were respectively 2.13 and 1.37 higher than the warm season. Urine 1-OHP levels for students living in ger areas were 1.27 higher than those living in non-ger areas. Students who lived in either gers or brick houses had respectively 1.58 and 1.34 higher 1-OHP levels compared with those living in apartments. 1-ppb increase in SO2 at student’s address was associated with 0.01 μmol/mol creatinine increase in urinary 1-OHP. 1-ppb increase in NO2 at student’s address was associated with 0.02 μmol/mol creatinine increase in urinary 1-OHP.
Conclusion:
Mongolian children’s urinary 1-OHP levels were significantly elevated during cold seasons, and for those living in ger areas or in ger or brick houses in Ulaanbaatar. Urinary 1-OHP levels were associated with air pollutants from fuel use in Ulaanbaatar.
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