The influence of Expectancy Violation, Outcome Valence, Self-Affirmation on the processing and memory of positive and negative feedback.

• Main Authors: Huang, Po-Sheng, 黃博聖
• Other Authors: Chen, Hsueh-Chih
• Format: Others
• Language: zh-TW
• Published: 2013
• Online Access: http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59634980825900525004

博士 === 國立臺灣師範大學 === 教育心理與輔導學系 === 101 === Do people prefer to process and recall positive or negative feedback? Would the processing and memory of different feedback be affected by the different outcome or expectancy situation? How to let people process the negative feedback which could threaten our self-esteem? All of above are the questions our research concerned. Four experiments were conducted to exame the influence of Expectancy Violation (Expectancy Confirmation VS Expectancy Violation), Outcome Valence (Good Outcome VS Bad Outcome) and Self-Affirmation (Self-Affirmation VS non-Self-Affirmation) factors on the processing and memory of Feedback (Positive Feedback VS Negative Feedback). The measurement of Mental Heath (MH) and Rational Thinking Task (RTT) were used as material in Experiment 1 and 2 sequentially, by giving bogus score in the Pratice Phase and Formal Rating Phase to manipulate the variables of Expectancy and Outcome. Experiment 3 and 4 were used the same materials and manipulation as Experiment 2, but adding the variable of Self-Affimation to exame whether it would change the influence of Expectancy Violation and Outcome Valence on Feedback (The Self-Affirmation Task was conducted before the RTT in Experiment 3, but after the outcome score in the RTT and before the presentation of feedback in Experiment 4). Overall, the results show that (1) People would view negative feedback longer and recall better than positive feedback. (2) The factor of Outcome Valence would influence the processing and recall of feedback, but the factor of Expectancy Violation wouldn’t (the result of Experment 2, 3, 4). Specificallly, in Good Outcome situation, people would lessen self-protection, and process or recall more of negative feedback which threatening ourselves. But in Bad Outcome situation, people would activate self-protection, and lower the process or recall of negative feedback. On the other hand, the factor of Expectancy Violation wouldn’t influence the process of feedback. In other words, people would avoid to processs the threatening feedback (which be activated by the factor of Outcome Valence), but would not make the effort to find the possible causes of the outcome (which be activated by the factor of Expectancy Violation). (3) The factor of Self-Affirmaion would enhance the participants of bad outcme situation to process and recall more of negative feedback. However, the effect of Self-Affirmation only existed after the appearance of outcome score (existed in Experiment 4, but not in Experiment 3). Implications of psychological theory and practice were discussed.