| Summary: | 碩士 === 國立彰化師範大學 === 公共事務與公民教育學系 === 101 === Taiwan is located in the typhoon region of Western Pacific Ocean and in Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions resulted from Eurasian Plate, Philippine Sea Plate, Pacific Plate, and so on. Since they cannot be avoided, we must have positive responses. However, we don’t have real controls in geological characteristics where we are.
In this thesis, Taiwan’s absolute location and landscapes and major disasters which we are facing are described in detail. And viewpoints are proposed after the systems of disaster prevention and rescue in US-Japan advanced countries and in Taiwan are thoroughly analyzed. Hopefully the tasks related to the handling of disasters such as notification, evacuation, taking refuge, rebuilding…. can be effectively carried out and blind spots in disaster prevention and rescue can be avoided.
Disaster Prevention Act in Japan has its own characteristics. Its operation plans originate in the law and technical specifications are produced in accordance with the plans. Each level has its various plans and detailed implementation specification. Therefore each disaster prevention work can be carried out and inspected.
It is worth mentioning that the United Stated passed Disaster Relief Act in 1969. The responsibility of the federal government's disaster prevention was expanded. With the change of time and space, decree, organization and operation are constantly amended, set up and reorganized.
Taiwan's Disaster Prevention and Response Act went through many stages of evolution: no law-making period from the August 7 floods to the 1964 Paiho Earthquake, the period of operating procedures from 1965 to 1994, Disaster Prevention Program promulgated by Executive Yuan on August 1994, the drafts of Disaster Prevention and Response reported by Executive Yuan on September 1995 and then an official letter to Legislative Yuan for deliberations. Due to the 9-21 earthquake of 1999, the Act was accelerated to pass third reading by Legislative Yuan. Three parts are mentioned in Disaster Prevention and Response Act: disaster prevention, disaster response, and recovery and reconstruction. Each organization’s missions are clearly allocated.
As for the Prevention and Protection Organization System, the United States adopts three-level system “federal-state-county”. In view of the accident of the radioactive releases at Three-Miles Island Nuclear Generating Station, Federal government was concerned to integrate emergency response affairs. President Carter merged ten emergency response affairs of five federal administrations on the basis of Presidential Third Administrative System Reorganization Plan and then set up Federal Emergency Management Agency called FEMA for short. FEMA is in charge of major disasters and reports directly to the president. It’s been a powerful force in helping reduce, prepare for, deal with, and recover from single disaster or compound disasters.
Japanese Disaster Prevention and Response System includes three-level system: central, prefectural, and municipal levels. Each level has its own disaster prevention plans and also has its responsibility to communicate, coordinate, and push forward every disaster prevention programs. Central Government sets up Disaster Prevention Department in the Cabinet which is conducted by Prime Minister. And there are five counselors responsible for main affairs. After analyzing Japanese Emergency Response Basic, we can comprehend that disaster prevention in the municipal level is most valued. It’s the main core in primary prevention and protection organization.
The frame of Taiwan’s Disaster Prevention and Response System came from Japan’s. The frame and the whole ideas were complete and integrated. However, after going through the ordeals of major disasters such as the 9-21 earthquake, Typhoon Toraji, Typhoon Mindulle, Typhoon Morakot and so on, Taiwan did not act as efficiently as Japan. That is because there are many important factors influencing local prevention and response command. The factors are as follows: operation groups, disaster prevention plans, commander’s abilities to disaster response and management, communication equipment, education and training, coordination and assistance among cities and counties. Therefore under current conditions, central and local authorities should work together and accomplish tasks in order to meet the spirits of local autonomy and the purpose of the country established.
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