| Summary: | 博士 === 國立彰化師範大學 === 輔導與諮商學系所 === 101 === Abstract
This study seeks to investigate the association between negative emotionality, negative emotion regulation strategies, and internalizing problem behavior of students. The instruments used to measure anger emotionality and negative emotion regulation strategies were a revised negative emotion strategies scale and a newly developed anger emotionality scale. Negative emotion regulation strategies were hypothesized to moderate the association of fear and anger emotionality in terms of internalizing problem behavior. Gender differences were also examined in this study.
954 sixth grade students (487 boys, 467 girls, 11-13 years old) were recruited to participate in this study by cluster random sampling method from 18 elementary schools. Subject completed the affect intensity measure, the anger intensity measure, the negative emotion regulation strategies measure for children and adolescents and the strengths and difficulties questionnaire.The empirical data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent t-test, Pearson Product-moment Correlation, one way MANOVA, Discriminant Analysis , and Structural Equation Model. The findings of this study are as follows:
1. Based on the analysis results from one way MANOVA and Discriminant Analysis, it was discovered that girls tend to employ a different regulation pattern from boys. Girls had a tendency to clarify and express negative emotions, where boys had a tendency to vent their negative emotions. In addition, girls were more likely to endorse fear emotionality and internalizing symptoms shown from the analysis results from independent t-test.
2. Gender differences were found from SEM analysis. First of all, the associations between fear negative emotionality and internalizing problem behavior, anger-frustration emotionality, and internalizing problem behavior were significantly stronger in girls than in boys. Then, the association between emotion expression strategy and internalizing problem behavior was significantly stronger in girls than in boys. Finally, the association between emotion venting strategy and internalizing problem behavior was significantly stronger in boys than in girls.
3. Significant moderator effects among fear emotionality, negative emotion regulation strategy and internalizing problem behavior were found from SEM analysis in both gender groups. First, fear emotionality is significantly positively associated with internalizing problem behavior in both gender groups. Second, the association between fear negative emotionality and internalizing problem behavior was stronger as venting strategy increased in boys. Third, the association between fear negative emotionality and internalizing problem behavior was weaker as emotion acceptance strategy increased in boys. Forth, the association between fear negative emotionality and internalizing problem behavior was stronger as emotion expression strategy increased in girls. Fifth,
emotion clarification, emotion expression and emotion transfer were significantly negatively associated with internalizing problem behavior in boys. Last but not least, emotion clarification, emotion expression, emotion inhibition, emotion transfer and emotion acceptance were significantly negatively associated with internalizing problem behavior in girls.
4. Significant moderator effects among anger negative emotionality, emotion regulation strategy and internalizing problem behavior were also found from SEM analysis. First, emotion expression strategy was significantly negatively associated with internalizing problem behavior in both gender groups. Second, the association between anger emotionality and internalizing problem behavior was stronger as emotion acceptance strategy increased in boys. Third, the association between anger negative emotionality and internalizing problem behavior was stronger as emotion clarification strategy increased in boys. Fourth, the association between anger negative emotionality and internalizing problem behavior was stronger as emotion expression strategy increased in girls. Last, emotion venting and emotion transfer strategy were significantly negatively associated with internalizing problem behavior in girls.
Findings highlight the importance of considering gender and individual differences in terms of emotion regulation strategies when evaluating the contribution of negative emotionality towards internalizing problem behavior.
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