| Summary: | 碩士 === 國立臺灣大學 === 政治學研究所 === 100 === The discovery of atomic energy signifies the beginning of a new era in the history of civilization. Nuclear weapons can bring destruction, even annihilation; yet maintain an essential component in the national security calculations of many countries. Also, the advancements in the nuclear filled provide limitless potential for the betterment of mankind through peaceful applications. The overall duality of atoms presents challenges to nations ever since the beginning of its discovery. The international atmosphere existing at the end of WWII was filled with opportunities and threats for the United States. The United States enjoyed advantages in international influence and economic power; however, the fact of nuclear danger and revolutionary power of communism was troubling. During this critical period, the leaders of the United States designed strategic doctrines that served as solid foundations of policy designing and planning for the following presidencies, and articulated the visions for the future of the world under the existence of atomic energy.
This thesis aims to examine the motives and purposes behind Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” speech and analyze the implications for US nuclear industry and US-USSR relations.
The speech was delivered before the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 8th, 1953 and called for nations to join together to halt the buildup of nuclear armaments and to adapt atomic materials into the arts of peace. At the same time, Eisenhower’s national security policy of “New Look”, based on the rationale of “massive retaliation”, relied on nuclear weapons to serve as a deterrent towards the Soviet Union and to lessen the burden of conventional armaments on the economy. These two seemingly contradictory policies invoked different interpretations of Eisenhower’s thought and intention.
Essentially, the initiatives of Atoms for Peace led to the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This agency serves as the global focal point for nuclear cooperation, promotes and verifies the peaceful use of nuclear science and technology. The importance of IAEA’s work and role in the international law and order has been recognized; however, there remain challenges to be overcome in order to advance its mission. Secondly, Atoms for Peace provides the basis for the development of nuclear cooperation and nonproliferation policy. Atoms for Peace stimulates nuclear technology and the US government endorses the development of civilian nuclear power. Lastly, Eisenhower’s hope with respect to bring nuclear arsenals under control was not fulfilled. The Soviet Union questioned the intentions of Atoms for Peace with suspicion and the deadlock in disarmament negotiations between the US and USSR remained in spite of Eisenhower’s efforts.
Eisenhower devoted himself to the development of sustainable policy and doctrine. He was well-equipped with experience and outlook and he succeeded in avoiding dangerous involvements and creating relative stability amidst dangers and uncertainties. The complex issues President Eisenhower confronted on his inauguration were overcome with rational and pragmatic strategy and action.
|
|---|
