| Summary: | 碩士 === 華梵大學 === 哲學系碩士班 === 100 === Xunzi adopts the concept of natural heaven. He observes from the objective experience and views nature as a natural instinct of life. “Nature, the heaven; emotion, the quality of nature; desire, the response of emotion.” (Proper use of terms (Zhengming)) believes that desire “can be asked for,” which is not avoidable by human. Therefore, he follows the nature and “ask for not boundary” (Discussion of courtesy (Li)) must result in society chaos and proposes “evil nature.” From here we know that Xunzi determines good and evil from the order of the society. The proposition of evil nature mainly reveals the way of courtesy and justice as well as the effort by human. Human learns courtesy to cultivate the nature toward good, which has to be through the awareness of the heart and the accumulation of the false. The subject that use heart as the awareness by Xunzi, through the objective thinking and contemplation, and the process of determination, can achieve knowledge in action and action in knowledge to construct the ethical theory of knowledge and action. Although the heart mentions by Xunzi is lack of self-awareness, the free will and domination power can turn the nature of human into the ethical characteristic comply with social courtesy norms.
This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction. The second chapter discusses the evil nature theory of Xunzi. In this chapter, we discuss the content of nature, and from the evil nature theory, we have proven that the evil nature does not mean that human is evil by nature. We reveal the way of courtesy and justice to the importance of social justice. The third chapter is the heart theory of Xunzi. In this chapter we explain that the heart as the main subject of awareness has the ability of thinking and determination. The rational ability is exerted so that human have different capabilities. By doubt explanation way, heart is not just an aware organ, but a self-awareness subject that can determine value of right and wrong. In chapter four, we discuss the heart cultivation to conduct ways. The aware ability and the self-determination ability of the heart allow it to govern the emotion and the desire nature. The human behavior will not just follow the nature desire which may results in evil consequences. It can express the good within the social norms. We discuss the training of saints and common people to become good: saints internalize benevolence, justice, virtue, and justice to stipulate courtesy and justice; common people accumulate learning courtesy and justice to cultivate the nature to saint. They practice ethic by heart thinking and determination and learning. Chapter is the conclusion.
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