| Summary: | 碩士 === 國立臺灣師範大學 === 人類發展與家庭學系 === 99 === The purpose of this study is to collect and evaluate the current nutrient intakes and changes of dietary preferences during the three trimesters for pregnancy by a prospective study. This thesis explores the interrelationships between the two, and analyzes the impact of the nutrient intakes and dietary preferences on gestational weight gain and birth outcomes including weight, length and head circumference. We recruited 151 health pregnant women less than 20 weeks from the Taipei City Hospital, Women and Children Branch. We collected basic characteristics, dietary information (including 24 hour recalls, 3 day records, dietary preferences questionnaires with 25 food items and two open questions for favorite and disliked foods) and the neonatal information by using face-to-face, telephone, mail and e-mail interviews. The statistical analyses were performed by SPSS 12.0 and STATA 8.0.
The final analyses included 122 women and their newborns. Before pregnancy, the average age was 31 years old, height was 160 cm, weight was 55 kg, BMI was 21.4 kg/m2, and the total gestational weight gain was 14 kg. The average gestational age of 120 newborns was 38.7 weeks, birth weight was 3163 g, height was 50 cm, and head circumference was 34 cm.
By 24 hour recalls, the means of three trimesters energy intake were 1682 Kcal, 1910 Kcal and 2003 Kcal, respectively. The percentage of energy was 15~16% of protein, 53~56% of carbohydrate, and 29~31% of fat. The fruit and acidity food preference scores were higher during the first trimester than the pre-pregnancy, although the most of food preference scores were lower during pregnancy. During pregnancy, the food items with highest food preference scores were fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products. The food items with lowest food preference scores were goat milk, coffee and raw fish. The answers from the open question of the most favorite food during the first trimester was starchy foods (14.6%), most disliked food was greasy foods (18.8%). In the second trimester, the most favorite food was fruits (20.5%), most disliked food was vegetables (9.0%). In the third trimester, the most widely favored food was fruits (27.7%), and the most commonly disliked food was greasy foods (5.3%).
The results for the interrelationships between the nutrient intakes and the food preference scores showed that the protein intake and the food preference scores for high-protein foods including pork, poultry, milk and dairy products, western-style fast food, were positively correlated (r=0.20~0.26, p<0.05). The fat intake and generally well-known high-fat foods (such as starchy, bakery, dairy, western-style fast food) dietary preferences were positively correlated (r=0.20~0.35, p<0.05). Cholesterol intake was positively correlated with food preference scores for bakery, beef, poultry, milk and dairy products, fried foods, western-style fast food and spices (r=0.20~0.40, p<0.05). Vitamin B12 intake and food preference scores such as beef, mutton, poultry, raw fish, spices were positively correlated (r=0.19~0.26, p<0.05). Therefore, these results indicated that dietary preferences do affect the nutrient intakes during pregnancy
Regarding the impact of maternal nutrient intakes and dietary preferences on gestational weight gain and birth outcomes, we found that the nutrient intakes during the third trimester were more significantly correlated with gestational weight gain than the first and second trimesters. However, the dietary preferences were unrelated with gestational weight gain. In addition, we found that the nutrient intakes during pregnancy do not have strong impact on the birth outcomes, and the dietary preferences have no effect on the birth outcomes. By the multiple regression analyses, the results showed that when gestational age increases 1 week, birth weight increases 132 g. Moreover, an increase for 1 kilogram per maternal pre-pregnant weight, birth weight increased by 10 grams. Birth weight has a significant negative correlation with the third trimester vitamin A intake, and a significant positive correlation with the vitamin C intake in the third trimester (p<0.05).
The above results showed that the maternal dietary preferences do affect the nutrient intakes; however, the dietary preferences during pregnancy did not show relationships with the gestational weight gain and birth outcomes.
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