| Summary: | 碩士 === 淡江大學 === 美洲研究所碩士班 === 98 === The major political parties of U.S. (Democratic party and Republican Party) are divided into national party representative, state and county layer. The U.S. party is loosely formed because of Greater independence, laxer party-disciple and slacker registering procedures. Due to a fiery election, each layer may get into “consultative cooperation” process. The closer the bilateral or trilateral relationship is, the better access the lowest one, as run by political machine in county, is going to get public resources through this channel. This happens only if the same party dominates the federal and state government.
A political machine is a party organization depending mainly on inducements like specific or non-material favors. The machine traded faithful voters whatever is needed to win election or to get party affairs done. However, The political channel of patronage is the groundwork for factional influence within the political machine; often, a party boss is predominant over the city or specific ward, dispensing job patronage, favors and personal services.
Anton J. Cermak is the first Chicago mayor running the political machine through Democratic Cook County board. Kelly-Nash machine is the watershed for “consultative cooperation” in 1933 during which federal Democratic government was undertaking the New Deal Program. Being a chief staff in JFK’s presidential campaign, Richard J. Daley, who dominated the greatest machine monolith from 1955 to mid-1976, got along well with Democratic inner circles.
Two judicial cases, Elrod v. Burns and Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, strike the patronage practice in the government. The former constrained a government to fire a worker in a non-policy-making position on the sole ground of his political belief, while the latter ruled politically based hiring and promotions effectively deprived an individual of his or her First Amendment rights. In Chicago, the increase of black voter registration and the scattered power seized by different factions soon after Daley’s death constitute
machine transition.
Cater’s examination on citizen participation upon minority cause the decline of Chicago machine. Harold Washington is the product of backlash from black ethnicity. In 1989, Richard M. Daley started his mayor-centered machine; namely, he demands voters remain faithful to him, not the Democratic Cook County board.
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