| Summary: | 碩士 === 淡江大學 === 美洲研究所碩士班 === 98 === The ghetto appeared on the metropolitan New York city was mainly caused by a series of decision mistakes of urban renewal project led by New York government. That''s the main reason behind the ghetto situation centered on the South Bronx area. Mass people emigration and rent control policy make the ghetto situation of the South Bronx worse, which also makes it be the poorest district.
In addition to poverty and crime problem, New York City''s waste treatment plants are almost located here because of South Brown’s low political status. The residents have to suffer from much pollution. In the late 70s, local residents’ self-empowerment was stronger, they began doing protest actions. This series of actions defending the environment are called "environmental justice. Those non-governmental organizations formed by community residents increasingly robust. In addition to environmental issues, they not only led the government and the outsiders re-examine the community but also are the comprehensive development of the community for the mission. These non-governmental organizations’ effort during these years make the South Brown changed, which will be discussed in the paper.
The thesis in this paper is the government, residents, and non-governmental organizations, which describe how their attitude changes. Though the process of struggling, transforming, compromising, and cooperating, the struggle, this district achieves the ghetto upgrading.
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