The Comparison of Personal Pronouns in Mandarin and Hakka

• Main Authors: Yu-Qian Chang, 張裕倩
• Other Authors: Jui-Chun Wu
• Format: Others
• Language: en_US
• Published: 2009
• Online Access: http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09256693023527962443

碩士 === 玄奘大學 === 外國語文學系碩士班 === 97 === The aim of the thesis is to investigate the uses of deixis in markets. In the thesis, we will analyze the usages of first and second person pronouns as well as social deixis between Mandarin and Hakka. Two research questions addressed in the study are as following: (I) What are the functions of first and second person pronouns, as well as social deixis between Mandarin and Hakka in the markets? (II) What are the variant forms and functions in second person variant forms between Mandarin and Hakka? By means of the two research questions mentioned above, we can know the following fact. That is how Mandarin and Hakka peddlers use first and second person pronouns as well as social deixis to interact with people. The findings are as following: ( I )Mandarin peddlers are adept at using first person singular pronouns to show confident personalities and self-awareness. For Hakka, first person singular pronouns are used to show self-awareness. (II)First person plural pronouns in Mandarin carry social and psychological functions, whereas just few first person plural pronouns in Hakka carry social function. (III) Referential and non-referential ni ‘you’ is used for Mandarin. For Hakka, only referential ɲi ‘you’ is employed. Non-referential ni ‘you’ aims to reinforce addressees’ involvement and be courteous labels for public. For Hakka, referential ɲi ‘you’ is a kind of courteous toward individuals. (IV)There are six categories of second person variant forms for Mandarin and Hakka. Politeness and drawing attention are the functions of second person variant forms. (V) Social deixis can reflect emotional attitudes, show respect, transmit different kinds of notions for family relationship. For Mandarin, male and female social deixis can reflect emotional attitude. For Hakka, emotional attitude is reflected by male social deixis. Nuclear family relationship is transmitted by Mandarin kinship terms, whereas extended family relationship is transmitted by Hakka kinship terms. From the usage of kinship terms, we can observe that the Hakka people have a stronger ethnic group consciousness than Mandarin ethnic group. By means of comparison with Mandarin, people are aware of the lack of diversity and limitation in traditional usages in Hakka.