| Summary: | 碩士 === 南華大學 === 生死學研究所 === 94 === The purpose of the research includes:
1. To understand the origin, attribute, occasions, and the circulating area of CWGJ (Cian-Wáng-Ge-Jhèn).
2. To confer about the purpose of CWGJ arranged in the funeral and burial ceremony.
3. To understand the composed members, used properties, performance types, ceremony procedure and content.
4. To confer the meaning of every single detail of the CWGJ ceremony procedure.
5. To confer the included social concept and possessed function in the CWGJ.
6. To confer the possibilities of using CWGJ to comfort the mourning family members on grief counseling.
The methods adapted in the research includes both document study and characters-oriented field work investigation. The target of the field work investigation is the business group running a CWGJ in Tainan area. We don''t do the analysis and discussion on the music of CWGJ.
The results of the research sum up as following:
1. CWGJ started in 1950s, spreading from Shan Hwa township (善化), Tainan county. At present, it is only applied on the occasion of funeral and burial ceremony.
2. There are four kinds of ceremonial methods (Fa Shi法事) done by a CWGJ – one on the day of passing away, the other three named “Zuo Suen” (做旬), “Zao Cheng ” (早場), “Wan Cheng” (晚場). The first one (做旬) is aimed to find the way for the deceased soul. The other three (做旬, 早場, 晚場) are aimed to tell the ghost spirit about the fact of his death, comfort the ghost, guide the way and farewell the ghost spirit to the Western World of Extreme Happiness (西方極樂世界).
3. CWGJ is a branch of Taoism, but is deeply influenced by the Buddhism religious ideas. San Guo New Ma (三姑娘媽) is the main goddess, and guiding the deceased soul to the Western World of Extreme Happiness (西方極樂世界) is the core value of its ceremonial methods and religious belief.
4. In Tainan area, a group of CWGJ performance consists of five members, including one musician in the back, and four singers in the front, in the characters of a red-head Taoist priest (紅頭法師), a Lauber (老婆), a Detei (倒退), and a Hsieduang (小旦).
5. The whole prodecure of CWGJ is normally composed of a dozen of small ceremony sections. None of any two CWGJ performances could be found completely the same.
They are different with either the performance order of the number of the sections, but they still can be concluded with three features.
(1) The first part of the procedure always starts with opening (開壇), having the soul in position (請魂就位), greeting the god (請神), and dispatching heavenly officers(調營).
(2) The last part of the procedure always ends with dismissing god and saying nice words.
(3) The rest part of the procedure in between is very different from one another.
6. In all, the main message CWGJ tries to convey includes:
* Asking gods to bless the deceased soul getting to the Hades (陰間) smoothly.
* Paying respect to God (敬神).
* Purifying the altar (淨壇).
* Informing the ghost about the fact of death.
* Persuading the ghost to leave the world without worries.
* Comforting the dead spirit to release burden in heart.
* Guiding the deceased soul to the Western World of Extreme Happiness (西方極樂世界).
* Helping the mourning family feel in peace, accept the fact of death, and be
ready to say good-bye.
* Asking god to bless the whole family in peace, wealth and good social position.
* Helping the children in mourning to express their regards to dead parent, and love among brothers and sisters.
* Encouraging people to obey parents to do good things.
* Teaching the correct ideas to hold a memorial ceremony.
* Speading out the religious belief that having a good eating habit on vegetarian food and saying Buddhist prayers are the only way to avoid the bitterness of transmigration.
* Expressing the ideas of bribing culture in the Hades to get better treatments.
* Emphasizing the fairness both in this World and the Hades.
* Wishing the deceased soul have a better next life.
7. When we check the function of CWGJ with the theory of Mission in Grief (哀悼任務論) offered by J. William Worden, we find out that it is truly helpful to the mourning family to go through the difficulties by carrying out two missions:
(1) Accepting the fact of losing their beloved one.
(2) Experiencing the pain of sorrow.
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