| Summary: | 博士 === 國立政治大學 === 東亞研究所 === 93 === The purpose of this thesis aims to clarify China’s security policy-making organization and process, and via constructivist study probe Beijing’s leaders’ recognition of China’s international, peripheral, Taiwan Strait, political, economic, military and environmental securities in the 1990s. It also aims to analyze how Chinese leaders made these policy options.
This thesis adopted documentary analysis methodology to excerpt and make an analysis of contents of the documents and notices issued by the Chinese Communist Party Center and State Council between 1990 and the year 2000; speeches delivered by major leaders at opening or closing ceremonies of previous party congresses and central committees; work reports and resolutions issued at previous conferences of the National People’s Congress and its standing committees; government work reports prepared by the State Council and its regulations sent to lower units. This thesis also referred to points of view, provided by scholars of different countries, on China’s policy-making and security research, and discovered China’s security policy-making establishment process and regular patterns from related documents verifying three assumptions provided by this paper. The conclusion of this paper is as follow:
1. In the 1990s, China had a good external security environment, which was beneficial to its efforts to develop the economy. China’s major security threats came from the interior. Beijing had to face power inheritance problems; corruption; rising unemployment rates; low efficiency of state-owned enterprises; serious bad debts; environmental pollution, and ecological damage. However, China purposely over exaggerated external security threats such as American hegemonism, US military deployment in Asian Pacific, Taiwanese independence, westernization and polarization.
2. On security policy options, China often fell into contradictions - between principles and pragmatism; multi-lateral and bi-lateral; opening up and closed doors; reform and stability; self-reliance or dependence on imports, and insisting on sovereignty or shelving sovereignty. Nevertheless, following the gradual rise of China’s comprehensive national power and its deeper involvement in international systems, China’s national behavior became more open and pragmatic, and China actively joined these multi-lateral systems. In addition, it brought about new views of neo-security and shelved sovereignty disputes in order to make a peaceful and stable neighboring environment.
3. Three assumptions were verified in this paper. First, in the1990s, Chinese leaders ignored corruption, unemployment, environmental pollution, and by ecological damage, which impacted social stability and caused worsening environmental security, even bringing about translational threats. Secondly, China over exaggerated the harmfulness and urgency of hegemonism and the Taiwan Strait security, to drive the conception of building a new international political and economic order, as well as initiating aimed military exercises. Therefore, China was taken as a challenger of the current international order, and the cause of conflict and confrontation across the Taiwan Strait. This brought about anxiety in the neighboring countries about China’s rise. Thirdly, China actively participated in UN activities and the multi-lateral security mechanism, thus effectively reconciling neighboring countries’ anxiety over China’s rise. It established social security as well as party and government leaders’ terms of retirement and tenure of office, which effectively reconciled the dissatisfaction of laid-off workers and the power inheritance crisis. In terms of economic security, China was concerned about state-owned enterprises, trade, banking, finance, and food and energy problems during their transferring process. To drive the structure of the socialist market economy, to enter the World Trade Organization, to perform dual tax system, which was beneficial to establish unified regulations of domestic market and connected to international economic structure.
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