| Summary: | 碩士 === 國立新竹教育大學 === 國民教育研究所 === 92 === The purpose of this study was to examine the process of child-centered play therapy with a child who just lost his father. The child (Hua Hua) who was in his fourth grade received the therapy twice a week, forty minutes each session, and twenty sessions in total. The entire process of the treatment was recorded and later on transcribed into written draft, so as to analyze the altercation on verbal behaviors and non-verbal behaviors, the usage of media, important themes expressed, sadness reaction, and also the change in counseling relations. Moreover, the researcher used the session observation reports, transcripts, the reflection notes of the researcher and interviews with parents as well as teachers, to analyze we seek to realize the process of games-treatment on parent-losing children through analyzing the grieving and recovery process of the child.
The findings of the research are as follows:
1. Verbal behaviors: The change pattern of Hua Hua’s language frequency is to firstly increase, and then decrease; the frequency of interactive language is quite high, while the catharsis language pattern is low. The change in language content can be categorized into nine patterns, most of which are descriptions of the content of the play. In the middle stage, Hua Hua’s becomes more dominant in defining the rules of the games. Only in the last half of treatment was he able to reveal his own thought and feelings. With the increase of game frequency, Hua Hua was gradually mentally disarmed, and unveiled his true self. He demonstrated positive emotions and self-recognition, and his description of the exploration also improved as the frequency of games increased.
2. Nonverbal behaviors: In aspects of Hua Hua’s expressions and moves, he proceeded from nervous to relaxed, which is reflected in the fact that he could choose toys according to his own will, and was also aware of his toy-choosing method. The cleaning of all the toys and space before each session ends was probably his way of being responsible since he just lost his parent; and he could freely expand moving space in the playing room. His emotion transferred from previous agitation to easiness, and eventually to emotion release after experiencing some regression behaviors.
3. Using of media: The play media that Hua Hua used are not much, yet they were repeated in many sessions. In the beginning and middle stages, he mainly chose media objects that built up the relations, such as Chinese chess and pokers, with creative variation on game rules. In the middle and fianl stages, he chose those that served the purpose of releasing his emotions, such as sandbox, which demonstrated the release of emotion and the elevation of control ability. Overall, through the choice and perception of play media, Hua Hua was able to recognize himself and proceed on with his new life.
4. Important themes: In his perception on himself, Hua Hua had more disguise in the early stage, yet later became more willing to present himself positively with the encouragement of the researcher. In his perception of life, he demonstrated his dislike for after-school caring institution. In the perception of environment, we could observe his increasing trust to the playing room and the video camera, his decreasing sensitivity in sounds, the change he had made to avoid making too much noise, and his not minding the unexpected disturbances. Other messages included the simulation of going to toilet and death; which we shall explore further in the future due to the low frequency of their presence.
5. Sadness reaction: In his emotional level, Hua Hua tended to conceal his sadness and unhappiness. In his recognition level, he transferred his attention to playing. In his behavior level, he appeared to be somewhat introvert and flinching, and also displayed “precocious child” syndrome. In the physiology level, he tended to be more sensitive to sounds. Through the play therapy, Hua Hua became more capable of releasing his sad emotions and viewing them from different angles. He made much improvement in his introvert inter-personal relations; besides, his sensitiveness to sound also reduced.
6. Counseling Relations: Excessive language communication would easily constitute pressure for Hua Hua, and his emotions were not released until the researcher catalyzed his own perception. As for non-verbal part, the increasing trust and cheerfulness gradually revealed rendered the counseling relations more natural and normal. In terms of language, Hua Hua exhibited his own capability and confidence, which were later transferred into benevolent and positive verbal interaction.
To sum up, the researcher discusses the research findings, and proposes suggestions to the relatives of parent-losing children, to the counseling of elementary schools and to researchers in the future.
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