| Summary: | 碩士 === 淡江大學 === 中國文學系 === 90 === The formation of “The Representation of Philosophical Practice” thought is closely connected with “changed situation” of the times. During late Ming Dynasty, it was exactly the time of severe change of internal revolt and foreign invasion. Facing the fierce change in politics and society, intellectuals played the important role of saving the declining tendency of the country, however, for imperious eunuchs cruelly injured the loyal and virtuous, the path of official career was very difficult, and shook the fact that scholars using official career as the only way to realize life value. Facing this kind of situation, if not becoming an official of the government, as an intellectual out of office, what was the solution to assist the nation?
Chen Chi-Ju, a very famous “essay” author at the end of Ming Dynasty, decided to turn down imperial examination at the age of 29, and declined becoming an official even being called up for many times. “Ming History” listed him at “Ying Yi Biography” (hidden figures), as the representative of “mountain man” at late Ming Dynasty. Chen wrote books about reading, well-known everywhere. His fame became a fad of the time and made a hit in south of Yangtze River, bringing populous trend that was copied by many, which can show his position as an intellectual out of office. “Mountain Men” and “Essays” have been the focus of study on Chen Chi-Ju by scholars in the past, however, for the political dilemma of internal revolt and foreign invasion at late Ming Dynasty, for his role as intellectual out of office and great influence even on the government, how did he shoulder his care about society and country as traditional intellectuals? Therefore, the author takes Chen Chi-Ju for example, probes the essence of Chen’s thoughts deeply, on one hand, making up for insufficiency on studies about Chen, and also searching for the way that intellectuals out of office to display their “entering world” idea and saving the country heart during late Ming Dynasty when “entering world” school discipline rose and flourished, through discussion on Chen Chi-Ju’s “entering world and putting into use” spirit. This dissertation is arranged as follows:
Chapter 1 is Introduction, explains the research topic and motive of this study.
Chapter 2 introduces Chen Chi-Ju’s life, friends, and books. Other than providing basic understanding about him, it also explains his friends making situation to know whether he had any special channel to bring his books and opinions influential, though as a common person, to express his entering world idea. From his books, it analyzes whether there are entering world articles. The clearance on the above issues can help to show whether Chen Chi-Ju has the connotation of entering world thought.
Chapter 3 is a study on Chen Chi-Ju’s entering world idea. First, aiming at the connotation of entering world concept, it gives explanation about the brief situation of the development of out of office intellectuals’ entering world thoughts at the end of Ming Dynasty, to study Chen Chi-Ju possessed the connotation of entering world under that situation and academic thoughts. From cultural, political, economic and military aspects in order, aided with abuses at society of late Ming Dynasty, it concludes main points of Chen Chi-Ju’s entering world content, and further analysis on Chen Chi-Ju’s entering world idea.
Chapter 4 and 5 take “taxes and corvee” and “famine relief” for instance, as the example of the practical manifestation of Chen’s entering world thought. By raising economic issues, Chen’s entering world idea is most systematic and complete; especially “taxes and corvee” and “famine relief” are the most distinguishing ones. Chen’s discussion on these two topics, not only had the connotation of “entering world”, but also put its “entering world” idea into practice by “putting into use”, from the compilation of Chong Chen “Song Chiang Government Record”, that is why the author uses this two chapters to give in-depth discussion. Chen Chi-Ju paid special attention to “taxes and corvee” and “famine relief” these two topics, and added on purpose his personal entering world idea and managing locally thought into the compilation of local record, as the basic of putting into effect. This is the important part requiring study. The thinking about this issue can also help to understand further Chen’s entering world and putting into use thought, and study characteristics of Chen’s entering world, putting into use thought manifestation.
Chapter 6 gives conclusions, explaining this study has correction and supplementary value to Chen Chi-Ju’s thinking and connotation, and also the meaning represented by entering world thought at the end of Ming Dynasty, and also its deep influence.
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